Biocultural, Political, and Social Changes

• PREHISTORY

  (3 million years to 3000 BC)

  • Paleolithic
  • Neolithic
• HISTORY

  (3000 BC to nowadays)

  • Ancient Age
  • Medieval Age
  • Modern Age
  • Contemporary Age
• 3 Levels of Understanding

  • Civilization
  • Barbarism
  • Savagery
• Characteristics of Civilization: Alphabet in Writing
• Characteristics of Barbarism:

  • Upper - iron tools
  • Middle - Domestication of plants and animals
  • Lower - pottery
• Characteristics of Savagery:

  • Upper - Bow and arrow
  • Middle - Fish subsistence and fire
  • Lower- Fruit and nut subsistence
• Survival of the Fittest

  • Coined by Herbert Spencer
  • Societies will experience stages of development and that those that can survive are the strongest while the weak will perish.
• Adaptation

  • It is the process by which organisms cope with environmental forces and stresses.
• Adoptation

  • It is to take by choice into a relationship, to sponsor the care and maintenance of.
• According to Henry Lewis Morgan, "... that all cultures passed through various stages of development, although some are 'stuck in a stage.' "
• Cultures have evolved in terms of how people get their food to survive.
• SAHELANTHROPUS TCHADENSIS

  • 6-7 million years ago
  • Nickname: Toumai (Hope for Life).
  • Home: West - Central Africa (Chad)
  • Brain size: 400 cc
  • Diet: Fruits
  • First known hominin on direct human ancestor that walks upright (Bipedal).
• ORRORIN TUGENENSIS

  • 5.8-6.2 million years ago
  • Nickname: Millenium Man
  • Home: Tugen Hills, Kenya
  • Brain size: 400 cc
  • Diet: Veggies (don't help in the development of brain size) and fruits
  • Physical make-up is more ape-like only that they can walk upright.
• AUSTRALOPITHECUS AFARENSIS

  • "Lucy"
  • 4-4.1 million years ago
  • Home: Hadar, Ethiopia
  • Height: 3.7 feet
  • Weight: 29 kg
  • Brain size: 430-485 cc.
  • Diet: Plant-based and occasionally some insect or lizard.
  • Her species is one of the longest-lived early human ancestor that walk upright.
• HOMO HABILIS

  • 1.4-2.4 million years ago
  • Nickname: Handy Man
  • Home: Eastern and Southern Africa
  • Ave. Height: 3.4-4.5 ft.
  • Ave. Weight: 32 kg
  • Ave. Brain size: 680 cc
  • Diet: Wide range of fruits, plants, and animals
  • First homo to use stone tools based on animal fossils found to be butchered by them.
• OLDOWAN STONE TOOL

  Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania, Africa
• HOMO ERECTUS

  • 1.89 million - 50,000 years ago
  • Nicknames: Peking Man (China) and Java Man (Indonesia)
  • Northern, Eastern, and Southern Africa; Western Asia (Dmanisi, Georgia); Eastern Asia (China and Indonesia)
  • Ave. Height: 4.9-6.1 ft
  • Ave. Weight: 40-68 kg
  • Brain size: 1,050 cc
  • Diet: Some tubers and protein-rich food: meat
• Facts about HOMO ERECTUS

  • First Homo to leave Africa.
  • First to use and control fire.
  • Created hand-axes which is called ACHEULIAN STONE TOOL TECHNOLOGY.
  • Rely on culture to survive and might be capable of language.
• The Philippines During Lower Paleolithic Period

  (250,000 - 2.6 million years ago)

  • Ancient animals (e.g. elephas, stegodon, and rhinoceros) roamed the archipelago.
  • Cagayan Valley had human artifacts dated 900,000-750,000 years ago which can be associated with Homo Erectus.
• HOMO HEIDELBERGENSIS

  • 700,000-200,000 years ago
  • Places lived: Europe; possibly Asia (China); Eastern and Southern Africa
  • Height: 5.2-5.9 ft
  • Weight: 51-62 kg
  • Ave. Brain Size: 1,200 cc
  • Diet: Mostly rely on meat
• Features of HOMO HEIDELBERGENSIS

  • Capable of SYMBOLIC THINKING based on an excavated mass burial containing grave offering in Atapuerca, Spain.
  • Common ancestor of modern human and neanderthals.
  • First to create shelters.
• HOMO SAPIEN NEANDERTHALENSIS

  • Meet your cousin* (not mine, though)
  • 400,000-300,000 years ago
  • Europe-Southwestern Asia
  • Height: 5.1-5.5 ft
  • Weight: 54-65 kg
  • Ave. Brain Size: 1,450 cc
  • Diet: Heavy on meat and some plants occasionally
• Features of HOMO SAPIEN NEANDERTHALENSIS

  • Rely on hunting to survive
  • Uses fire and clothes
  • Exhibits symbolic behavior
  • Both male and female are muscular and robust
• HOMO SAPIENS SAPIENS

  • You, you, you
  • 200,000 years ago - Present
  • Anywhere; Worldwide
  • Brain size: 1,400 cc
  • Diet: Varied from plants to meat rich in sugar and high in protein
  • Last human standing
  • Highly sophisticated culture
  • Developed agriculture in the Neolithic Period
• HOMO SAPIEN SAPIENS in the Philippines

  • 200,000 years ago - present
  • Tabon cave, Quezon, Palawan yielded Paleolithic fossils and tools.
  • The arliest human fossil was found in Callao cave, Cagayan Valley aged 67,000 years old.
  • A tibia (47,000 years old) found in Tabon cave is much older thant the famous Tabon skull cap (16,500 years old).
• What brought the shift in people's way of life?

  • Change in global temperature
  • Due to the unpredictable supply of food
• Consequences of Domestication

  • Increase in food = increase in human population
  • Society became more structured
  • Specialization emerged
  • Technological advancement
  • Diseases from animals were passed on to humans
• It is a type of society described as the the "most basic society." They depend on hunting, fishing, and gathering edible plants for survival. Nomadic by nature. Very little division of labor. They only take what the land has to offer.

  Hunting/foraging and Gathering Societies
• It is a type of society that engages entirely in herding cows, goats, and sheep mainly for subsistence and transportation. Characterized by domestication, the intentional breeding of specific animals or plants to increase their utility.

  Pastoral Societies (Pastoralism)
• Neolithic Revolution


  Table

  
• Domestication of plants - the growing of edible plants and crops.

  It created permanent settlements or villages that could have a thousand or more people living and it is sustainable.

  Horticultural Societies
• • A more efficient and intensive manner of producing food using sophisticated knowledge and technology.
  • They are found in areas with large sources of freshwater. These societies built irrigation systems to bring freshwater to farther parts of the land.
  • Due to increase in population, a centralized government was needed to ensure order.

  Agricultural Societies
• These are goods that are being produced - in excess than what they consume. This results in people converging into places with stable supply.

  Example: Manila = opportunities = congested

  Surplus
• • Machines replaced human labor at certain stages of production.
  • This type of society convert raw materials produced in agricultural societies into finished products using machines and in much larger quantities.

  Industrial Societies
• The major economic activity centers on providing services and facilitating the exchange and the use of advance communication technologies.

  Post-industrial Societies
• • It is the spreading of cultural traits from one group to another.
  • Two or more cultures come together, and elements of both cultures start to mix together.
  • Cultures get mixed together.
  • It results in culturally diverse society.

  Cultural Diffusion
• • It is the process in which a minority group or culture begins to resemble those of a dominant group.
  • Members of the minority adopt the customs, beliefs, and languages of the dominant community, losing their own culture in the process.
  • Minority culture is absorbed in to the dominant culture.
  • Results in homogenous society.

  Cultural Assimilation
• It is partially adapting the culture of the other group.

  Acculturation
• It is the total adaption of another group's culture.

  Assimilation
• Three general sources of influence that may influence change or resistance of it are the following:

  • Forces at work within a society
  • Contact between societies
  • Changes in the natural environment