phyto

• Hippocrates


  "Let food by thy medicine and medicine be thy food”
• Search for natural products that can improve biological functions are due to consumer awareness on the relationship between diet, health, and disease and the rise in human health problems.
• nutraceuticals


  – substance that is food or part of food that provides medical or health benefits including prevention of disease.
• Functional foods

  ● Basic or natural functional food ● Formulated functional food
• Nutraceuticals

  Herbal products, dietary supplements, isolated nutrients, designer food
• Phytochemicals

  1000 known phytochemicals produced by plants as secondary metabolites have great antioxidant potential, prevent aging, diabetes, osteoporosis, cancer, heart disease, etc.
• Phytochemicals

  • Nonnutritive - Plant-based bioactive compounds
• Disease preventive components

  o Antibacterial o Antifungal o Anti-inflammatory o Antiallergic o Antispasmodic o Chemopreventive o Hepatoprotective o Neuroprotective
• ● Polyphenols ● Flavonoids ● Anthocyanidins ● Phytoestrogens ● Terpenoids ● Carotenoids ● Limonoids ● Phytosterols ● Glucosinolates
• Kinds of Phytochemicals

  Alkaloids, Phytosterol, Polyphenols, Terpenoids, Organosulfur Compounds
• Main Roles of phytochemical

  ● Substrate for biochemical reactions ● Cofactors and inhibitors of enzymatic reactions ● Scavengers for toxic chemicals ● Enhance absorption and stability of essential nutrients ● Selective growth factor for beneficial bacteria ● Ligands that agonize/antagonize cell surface or receptors ● Eliminate undesirable contents in the intestines
• Extraction


  – process of separation of bioactive components of plants using selective solvents.
• Can influence quality of extracts:

  1. Plant part 2. Solvent 3. Procedure
• Factors that affect extracted bioactive components

  . Nature 2. Origin 3. Processing 4. Moisture content 5. Particle size
• Quantity of secondary metabolite depends on

  1. Type and type of extraction 2. Temperature 3. Nature and concentration of solvent 4. Polarity
• Antioxidant-rich Phytochemicals

  Carotenoid, Phytosterols, Limonoids, Polypherols, Glucosinolates, Phytoestrogen, Terpenoids, Saponins, Fibers & Polysccharides
• Phytosterols


  suppress growth of tumors via initiation of apoptosis and arrest of cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle.
• Limonoids


  provide protection to lung tissues, include detoxification in liver
• Polyphenols


  action against free radicals, inflammation, allergies, platlet aggregation, and hepatotoxins.
• Glucosinolates


  protection against cancer of colon, rectum, and stomach.
• Phytoestrogen


  protection against bone loss and heart disease, breast, and uterine cancers.
• Terpenoids


  antimicrobial, antiparasitic, antiviral, antiallergic, anti-inflammatory, chemotherapeutic, antihyperglycemic, antispasmodic
• Saponins


  protection against pathogens, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antiulcer agent
• Fibers and Polysccharides


  reduce blood cholesterol, antimicrobial, antiparasitic, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, enhance defense
• PHYTOCHEMICALS OF NUTRACEUTICAL IMPORTANCE

  ● a-linolenic acid – cancer preventive ● allicin-garlic onion ● anthocyanins – antioxidant ● carotene – anticarcinogenic ● catechins – tea ● curcumin – antihypertensive ● gallic acid – antioxidative, anticancer ● genistein – acts as phytoestrogens ● diosgenin – hypolipidemic ● ellagic acid – anticancer and antioxidant
• Plant material


  ● bark, leaves, flower, roots, fruits, seeds fresh/dried ● dependent on the type of solvents used
• Good solvent


  ● low toxicity ● ease of evaporation ● high absorption of the extract ● preservative action ● high % yield
• solvent


  chosen based on the polarity of solute of interest
• EXTRACTION SOLVENTS


  Water, Methanol, Ethanol, Acetone, Chloroform, Dichloroform, Ether
• water


  anthocyanin, starches, tannins, terpenoids, saponins, lectins
• Methanol


  anthocyanin, tannins, terpenoids, saponins, polyphenols, lactones, flavones, xanthoxylins
• Ethanol


  polyacetylenes, flavonol, sterols, tannins, terpenoids, saponins, polyphenols
• Acetone


  phenols, flavonols
• Chloroform


  terpenoids, flavonoids
• Dichloform


  anthocyanins, tannins, terpenoids, saponins, polypeptides
• Ether


  alkaloids, terpenoids, coumarins, fatty acids
• A solvent of similar polarity to the solute will properly dissolve the solute. Multiple solvents can be used sequentially in order to limit the number of same compounds in the final % yield of the component.
• Factors affecting the choice of solvent

  ● quantity of component to be extracted ● rate of extraction ● diversity of compounds extracted ● inhibitory compounds extracted ● ease of handling ● toxicity of the solvent ● health hazards ● interference with the bioassay
• Techniques of phytochemical extractions

  General:

  ·         maceration

  ·         infusion

  ·         percolation

  ·         digestion

  ·         decoction

  ·         Soxhlet

  ·         Aqueous – alcoholic by fermentation

  ·         Microwave – assisted

  ·         Sonification

  ·         SFE
• Latest:

  ·         Headspace trapping

  ·         Solid phase microextraction

  ·         Protoplast

  ·         Microdistillation

  ·         Thermomicrodistillation

  ·         Molecular