Cardiovascular system

• an organ system that permits blood to circulate and transport nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, and blood cells to and from the cells in the body.

  
  

  provide nourishment

  help in fighting diseases

  stabilize temperature and pH

  maintain homeostasis.

  Cardiovascular system
• What consist of cardiovascular system?

  heart, blood vessels, and blood that the vessels transport
• A muscular pump that forces blood through a system of vessels made of arteries, veins and capillaries

  Heart
• Mediastinum, slightly towards the left


  Location of the heart
• Functions of the heart

  
  

  Generate Blood Pressure

  Route Blood

  Ensure One-way Blood Flow

  Regulation of Blood Supply
• 9 cm


  The heart's broad, flat base, or posterior surface is about _ wide.
• right shoulder


  The heart's base is directed toward the _
• left second and fifth intercostal space


  The heart's base extends vertically from the _
• right edge of the sternum to the left midclavicular line


  The heart's base extends horizontally from the _
• left hip


  The heart's apex points inferiorly toward the _
• Position of the heart in the thorax

  Positioned obliquely between the lungs in the mediastinum. Lies in the pericardial cavity. Enclosed in a sac called pericardium.
• Pericardium


  Covering of the heart
• Pericardial cavity


  Formed by the pericardium
• Pericardial sac


  Surrounds the heart and anchors it within the mediastinum
• Fibrous pericardium

  Serous pericardium


  Two layers of the pericardial sac
• fibrous pericardium


  layer of connective tissue that provides support and protection for the heart attachments to the diaphragm, the sternum (via the sterno-pericardial ligaments), and the vertebral column.

  
  

  It holds the heart in place.
• Contains the pericardial fluid

  Serous Pericardium
• Parietal pericardium


  Lines the fibrous pericardium
• Visceral pericardium (epicardium)


  Lines the surface of the heart
• Epicardium

  Myocardium

  Endocardium


  Three layers of the heart
• Epicardium


  Contains the outer layer and visceral pericardium
• Myocardium


  Cardiac muscles responsible for the contraction of chambers. It is the middle layer and makes up the majority of the heart's mass.
• Endocardium


  Lines the inner surface of the heart which allows blood to move easily through the heart. It is the inner layer and lines the chambers, valves, vessels.
• Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium and left ventricle


  Chambers of the heart
• septum


  The left and right side of the heart is divided by the _
• Interatrial septum


  Divides the left and right atria
• Intraventricular septum


  Divides the left and right ventricle
• Atrioventricular valve: Tricuspid and Bicuspid Valves

  Semilunar Valve: Pulmonic Semilunar Valves and Aortic Semilunar Valves


  Valves of the heart
• Atrioventricular Valve


  Valves in between the atria and ventricles
• Semilunar Valves


  Valves of the heart, at the bases of the aorta and the pulmonary artery
• Superior/Inferior vena cava - Right Atrium - Tricuspid Valve - Right ventricle - Pulmonary Semilunar Valve - Pulmonary Arteries - Lungs - Pulmonary Veins - Left Atrium - Mitral Valve - Left ventricle - Aortic Semilunar Valve - Aorta


  Sequence of the systemic blood circulation
• The hearts conduction system consists of special electrical cells that generate and coordinate electrical impulses to the myocardial cells


  Mechanisms of a heartbeat
• Rhythmicity

  Automaticity

  Conductivity

  Contractility

  Excitability


  Properties of the myocardial cells
• Rhythmicity


  regularity of impulse transmission
• Automaticity


  ability to initiate electrical impulses
• Conductivity


  ability to transmit electrical impulses from one cell to another
• Contractility


  ability to contract in response to the flow of electrical impulse
• Excitability


  ability to respond to electrical stimuli
• Sinoatrial node

  Atrioventricular node

  Bundle of HIS

  Left and Right Bundle Branches

  Purkinje fibers


  Components of conduction system of the heart
• P wave


  Atrial depolarization, conduction of the impulse throughout the atria