ENGLISH

• Hypothesis


  A proposed explanation for a phenomenon that will be tested and validated through research, helps to resolve the research problem
• Types of hypothesis


  • Null Hypothesis
  • Alternative Hypothesis
• Null Hypothesis


  The implied hypothesis, "Null" means nothing, no difference between groups or no relationship between variables, a presumption of status quo or no change
• Alternative Hypothesis


  The claim, answer to the research question
• Research Design


  A structural framework for various research methods and techniques used by a researcher
• Major Types of research design

  • Quantitative
  • Qualitative
• Quantitative research


  Examines the various variables while including numbers as well as statistics in a project to analyze its findings
• Qualitative research


  Mainly focuses on why a specific theory exists and what would be the respondent's answer to it, allows a researcher to draw a conclusion with proper findings
• Validity


  The extent to which a research study measures what it is meant to measure
• Reliability


  The degree to which a research instrument consistently produces the same results when used in the same situation on multiple occasions
• Methods in assessing reliability

  • Inter-rater
  • Test-retest
  • Internal consistency
• Inter-rater reliability


  Involves evaluating the consistency of results produced by different raters or observers using the same measure or instrument
• Test-retest reliability


  Involves giving the same measure or instrument to the same group of people at two different times and evaluating the degree of consistency between the results
• Internal consistency


  Involves determining the degree of consistency between various items or questions within a measurement or instrument
• Population


  Refers to the entire group of people or things that share a common characteristic or feature of interest to the researcher
• Sample


  Refers to a smaller group of individuals or objects selected from the larger population of interest to represent the population in a study
• Variables


  A characteristic or attribute that can take on different values and can be measured or manipulated
• Dependent variable


  The variable that is measured or observed in a research study
• Independent variable


  The variable that is manipulated or controlled in a research study
• Moderating variable


  Is not affected by the independent variable, even though it affects the dependent variable
• Mediating variable


  Is affected by the independent variable, and in turn, also affects the dependent variable
• Controlled variable


  Held constant so that they don't interfere with the result
• Ethics


  The principles and guidelines for conducting research studies in a responsible and ethical manner
• Confidentiality


  The protection of the privacy and personal information of research participants
• Informed consent


  The process of obtaining the voluntary and informed agreement of participants to participate in a research study
• Peer review


  The process of evaluating the quality and validity of a research study by experts in the same field
• When a singular and a plural noun or pronoun (subjects) are joined by or or nor, the verb should agree with the subject nearer the verb
• Singular verb


  One that has an –s added to it in the present tense
• Plural verbs


  Do not have an –s added to it
• Pronoun


  Used to replace nouns, and accordingly the antecedent must be clear
• Antecedent


  The noun which a pronoun substitutes for or refers to
• Ambiguous Pronoun Reference


  A pronoun with multiple, possible antecedents
• Vague Pronoun Reference


  A pronoun without a specific antecedent
• Indefinite Pronouns


  • any, each, either, neither, everyone, someone, anyone, anybody, nobody, somebody
• Indefinite Pronouns with Plural Verb


  • several, many, both, few
• Indefinite Pronouns with Singular or Plural Verb


  • some, most, all, none
• Contraction


  A shortened form of two words created by replacing one or more letters with an apostrophe, typically considered less formal than their uncontracted counterparts
• Dangling Participle


  When a participle phrase 'dangles' it means that the modifier is out of place or too far away from its subject, resulting in obscured meaning
• Faulty Parallelism


  Also known as parallel construction or parallel structure, is a balance within one or more sentences of similar phrases or clauses that have the same grammatical structure
• Definition of terms


  An alphabetical list of important terms, acronyms, and jargons used in a research