INON11R 2.0 - Prelims

• Institutionalism (Theory)


  Institutionalism is about how international organizations influence how countries behave. These organizations set rules and guidelines that help countries work together and solve problems without fighting.
• Norms and Rules


  Institutions create rules that guide countries' actions, like written laws or common practices
• Regulations


  Institutions make rules and processes that control how countries interact, helping them cooperate or solve conflicts
• Centralization


  Some institutions give more decision-making power to a few, while others share it among many countries. This affects how well they work
• Scope


  Institutions can focus on specific issues or deal with broader global challenges
• Membership


  Who's part of an institution shapes its goals and how decisions are made
• Joining Rules


  Institutions have rules about who can join and how, deciding who gets to be involved
• Linking Problems


  Institutions connect different issues so countries can solve them together, recognizing how problems are related
• Enforcing Rules


  Institutions make sure countries follow the rules by rewarding good behavior and punishing bad behavior
• Shaping Preferences


  Institutions influence what countries want by giving them information and affecting their politics
• The League of Nations, established after World War I, experienced notable failures but also achieved some successes during its existence
• Achievements of the League of Nations

  • Mandate system
  • Resolution of minor disputes
  • Promotion of international cooperation
  • Legacy and lessons learned
• Mandate system


  The League's mandate system facilitated the administration of former colonies and territories of the defeated powers, promoting their development towards self-governance
• Resolution of minor disputes

  The League successfully mediated numerous minor disputes between member states, preventing localized conflicts from escalating into full-scale wars
• Promotion of international cooperation

  The League played a significant role in promoting international cooperation and fostering dialogue among nations
• Legacy and lessons learned

  The League's failures served as important lessons for the international community, leading to the establishment of more robust institutions such as the United Nations
• Legacy and lessons learned

  The League's failures served as important lessons for the international community, leading to the establishment of more robust institutions such as the United Nations
• Controversial Issues at the San Francisco Conference

  • Structure and Powers of the Security Council
  • Veto Power
  • Sovereignty Concerns
  • Human Rights
  • Economic and Social Issues
  • Colonialism and Self-Determination
  • Regional Representation
• Structure and Powers of the Security Council

  There was significant debate over how much power the Security Council should have and how its membership should be structured
• Veto Power


  One of the most contentious issues was the veto power granted to the five permanent members of the Security Council
• Veto Power


  One of the most contentious issues was the veto power granted to the five permanent members of the Security Council
• Sovereignty Concerns


  Many countries were wary of ceding too much authority to the United Nations, fearing it might infringe on their sovereignty
• Sovereignty Concerns


  Many countries were wary of ceding too much authority to the United Nations, fearing it might infringe on their sovereignty
• Human Rights


  Discussions around human rights were also contentious, with disagreements over the scope and enforcement mechanisms of human rights provisions in the UN Charter
• Human Rights


  Discussions around human rights were also contentious, with disagreements over the scope and enforcement mechanisms of human rights provisions in the UN Charter
• Economic and Social Issues


  There were debates over the role of the United Nations in addressing economic and social issues, such as poverty, development, and international trade
• Colonialism and Self-Determination


  Issues related to colonialism and self-determination were also debated, particularly regarding the rights of colonial peoples and the process of decolonization
• Regional Representation


  Ensuring fair representation of countries from different regions was another contentious issue
• Simplified Controversial Issues at the San Francisco Conference

  • Security Council Power Struggles
  • Veto Power Drama
  • Worries About Losing Control
  • Human Rights Haggles
  • Money and Social Stuff
  • Colonies and Freedom
  • Making Sure Everyone's Heard
• General Assembly (GA)


  The General Assembly is like a big meeting where all the countries get together to talk about important stuff. They discuss things like wars, global issues, and how to spend money. Even though they can't directly enforce decisions, what they agree on can have a big impact because it shows what most countries think is important.
• Security Council (SC)


  The Security Council is like a smaller, more serious group within the United Nations. It's in charge of dealing with conflicts and keeping the peace around the world. The Security Council has the power to make important decisions like sending troops or imposing sanctions on countries that are causing trouble.
• Negotiation


  Countries with different interests often have to negotiate and compromise to reach agreements in both the General Assembly and the Security Council.
• Cooperation


  The General Assembly and the Security Council need to work together and support each other's decisions.
• Adherence to principles


  Both organs have to follow the rules laid out in the UN Charter, which is like the organization's rulebook.
• Issues relating to women in the United Nations (UN)

  • Gender Equality
  • Women's Rights
  • Women's Political Participation
  • Gender Mainstreaming
  • Ending Violence Against Women
  • Women's Economic Empowerment
  • Health and Reproductive Rights
  • Education
  • Conflict and Peacebuilding
  • Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
• Gender Equality


  The UN works to ensure that women and men have equal rights and opportunities in all aspects of life.
• Women's Political Participation


  The UN encourages greater participation of women in political leadership and decision-making roles at all levels.
• Gender Mainstreaming


  The UN promotes gender mainstreaming, which involves integrating a gender perspective into all policies, programs, and activities to ensure they benefit women and men equally.
• Ending Violence Against Women


  The UN works to prevent and respond to violence against women and girls, including domestic violence, sexual assault, trafficking, and harmful cultural practices.
• Women's Economic Empowerment


  The UN supports initiatives to promote women's economic empowerment, including access to financial resources, land rights, and entrepreneurship opportunities.