Sigmund Freud

• Sigmund Freud was an Austrian scientist regarded as the “Father of Psychoanalysis.” This study was a form of theories and techniques employed to uncover the unconscious mind.
• This study was a form of theories and techniques employed to uncover the unconscious mind. Every impulse, desire, emotions, and memories that are suppressed can be found in it.
• With it, he also believed that dreams are windows to the unconscious. He thought that they represented a disguised fulfillment of a repressed wish. By studying these dreams, he thought that it was the most accessible road in understanding the unconscious activities of the mind, as he proposed that thoughts are the guardians of sleep.
• Another theory he studied was the lasting attachment of some children with their parents.
• Men who are close to their mothers, now called colloquially as, quote-unquote, Mama’s boy, have Oedipus complex, named after the Greek mythology hero Oedipus who, quote-unquote, had relations with his mother.
• On the other hand, females who are close to their fathers, the quote-unquote Daddy’s girl, were due to his belief that females were envious because they lack penises. Thus, they showed affection to their fathers while distancing from their mothers. This castration complex theory is one of the most criticized for his works.
• He was also regarded in the concept of the Freudian slip, an action borne of the unconscious mind interfering with the conscious mind.
• He also believed in the three (3) aspects of the human mind: the Id (basic instincts), ego (the conscious mind), and superego (the conscience). Both Id and Superego operate in the unconscious mind.
• Thus, to understand someone’s unconscious mind, Freud developed the technique known as the free association, where the patient shares everything that has happened, which provided opportunities for psychoanalysts to have a glimpse into the unconscious.
• These things paved the way for another paradigm shift in the development of science.
• Ancient India contributed to the development of astronomy and mathematics.
• They aided in the development of arithmetic, as in the case of the Hindu-Arabic numbers that we all use today, the decimal system, and numerical sequencing, among others.
• Some of the major ancient Indian philosophers were Aryadeva, Nagarjuna, and Adi Shankara.
• Aryadeva was a disciple of Nagarjuna, and both were inseparable in terms of philosophical achievement.
• Aryadeva was responsible for the growth of Tibetan Buddhism
• Nagarjuna helped develop the concept of the “Middle Path” in some sects of Buddhism.
• Adi Shankara was responsible for unifying and establishing the main currents of Hinduism, a henotheistic religion.
• These teachings eventually reached China, where the teachings of Buddhism clashed with other Chinese teachings, which also clashed with each other.
• Confucius is a staunch humanist that stresses the importance of family and social harmony
• Laozi believed that perfection could be achieved by following “the way” spiritually.
• These Chinese studies emphasized research through careful observations and astronomy (which, in this case, is called astrology).
• Despite these philosophical differences, these movements were also paradigm shifts that reached the Western world, and further solidified the foundations of science.