BASIC CONCEPT OF STATISTICS

• • Population is a collection of all the units from which the data is to be collected.
• • Unit - in a population is also called an element of the population.
• • Population parameter - Usually numeric that describes a population.
• • Sample - A subset or representative part of the population.
• • Sample Statistic - A characteristic usually numeric that describes a sample.
• • Frame - A listing of all the elements in a population.
• • Census - When information is gathered for all the units in the population.
• • Sampling or sample survey - When only a part of the population is used to collect data.
• • Statistics - is a branch of science that deals with the development of methods for a more effective way of collecting, organizing, presenting and analyzing data.
• • Parameter - is a characteristic of a population.
• • Statistical methods - refers to the procedures and techniques used from the collection of data to the proper presentation and analysis of the results.
• • Statistical theory - refers to the development of formulas used in the computation and development of scientific procedures that constitute the basis of the scientific method.
• • Descriptive Statistics - summarize data to make sense of a list of numerical values. It deals with largely with summary calculations, graphical and tabular displays, and describing important features of a set of data.
• • Inductive or Inferential Statistics - is concerned with making generalizations for a bigger group of observation called population based information gathered from a small group of observations or sample drawn from the given population.
• • Variables - are the characteristics or properties measured from objects, person or things.
• • Measurement - Is the process of assigning a number or a numerical value to a characteristic of the object that is being measured.
• • Quantitative Data - are those data can be expressed in numbers and can be measured.
• • Qualitative Data - are those data from which no numerical measures exist and are usually expressed in categories or kind.
• • Nominal Measurements - possess only the property of identity and do not possess the properties of order and equality of scales.
• Ordinal Measurements - possesses both the properties of identity and order but does not have the property of equality of scale.
• Interval Measurements - possess all three properties of identity, order and equality of scale.
• • Ratio measurements - possess all the properties of identity, order equality of scales and absolute zero.