Module1.1_Biochemistry's Scope

• Biochemistry - The science that is concerned with the chemical basis of life. It is concerned with chemical constituent of living cells and with the reactions and processes they undergo.
• Cell Biology - STRUCTURAL CHEMISTRY of the components of living matter and the relationship of biological function to chemical structure.
• Molecular Biology - METABOLISM, the totality of chemical reactions that occur in living matter.
• Molecular genetics - the study of the structure and function of genes and the molecules they code for transmitting biological information.
• The chemical reaction of our body occur in cells consisting of 70-95% water.
• Polarity of a substance is the ability to form polar bonds. Polar means partially sharing of electron/charges.
• Water is a polar molecule, it has a partially negative charge oxygen, and partially positive charge hydrogen.
• Nonpolar substances are not able to form polar bonds. Nonpolar means no partial charges or equal distribution of electrons.
• Hydrophilic (water loving) refers to polar compounds which readily dissolve in water due to strong attractions between them.
• Hydrophobic (water hating) refers to nonpolar compounds which do not dissolve well in water because there is little attraction between them.
• Hydrophobic (water hating) refers to nonpolar compounds that do not mix with water because there is little attraction between them.
• Hydrophobic (water hating) refers to nonpolar compounds which do not dissolve well in water because there is little attraction between them and water molecules.
• Solubility is the property of a compound to be dissolved into another compound without separating out again.
• Solvent is the liquid component of an aqueous solution
• Solute is any substance that can be dissolved in another substance.
• The solvent is the substance being used to dissolve something else, while the solute is what gets dissolved by the solvent.
• A solution is a homogeneous mixture where one component is dispersed evenly throughout another component.
• A heterogenous mixture consists of two or more phases within its volume, like oil and vinegar salad dressing.
• A homogeneous mixture has one phase throughout its entire volume, such as saltwater or sugar water.
• An example of a heterogenous mixture is soil, where different types of particles are mixed together but remain separate.
• A colloid is a heterogenous mixture with large particles suspended in a fluid.
• Water molecules have a polar nature with oxygen at the negative end and hydrogen atoms at the positive end.
• Hydrogen Bonding - weak intermolecular forces between hydrogen and other (electronegative) atoms. Partial positive + Partial or Full Negative.
• Dipole-dipole Interactions - attraction between polar molecules.
• London force dispersion - force between non-polar molecules is weak and the molecules are spread out.
• Ionic Bonds > Covalent Bonds > Hydrogen Bonds > Dipole-Dipole Interaction > London Dispersion Force
• Cohesion is the attraction between molecules of the same substance. It holds together the water molecule.
• Adhesion - holds water molecules to other polar substances.
• Surface Tension - cohesion of water to itself and lack of adhesion to air.
• Specific Heat - The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1kg of a substance by 1 degree.
• Heat Capacity - How much heat it takes to change the temperature.
• Heat - Total kinetic energy stored in an object (related to mass)
• Temperature - Average kinetic energy, mass does not matter.
• Polarity of water is due to the more electronegative oxygen and more electropositive hydrogen.

  
  

  True or False
• Water can make hydrogen bond with its own molecule only.

  
  

  True or False
• Droplets of water is due to cohesion.
• Surface tension is due to cohesion of water, and lack of adhesion.
• Hydrophilic substances are those that can be attracted to water.
• Dipole-dipole Interaction and H-bonding are the molecular interactions exhibited by water due to its polarity.
• Hydrophobic substances are those which cannot be dissolved in water.