SCIENCE

• Community

  Different species of organism that interact with one another in a given area
• Population


  Group of organisms of the same species that lives in a community
• Habitat


  Where an organism or population lives
• Niche


  The role of an organism in its habitat
• Abiotic factors


  • Light
  • Temperature
  • Water
  • Oxygen
  • pH (acidity & alkalinity)
  • Salinity (salt concentration)
• Biotic factors


  • Plants
  • Other organisms
• Producers (autotrophs/self-feeders)


  Organisms that can make their own food, e.g. plants
• Glucose


  Food for plants
• Consumers (heterotrophs)


  • Herbivores (eat plants directly)
  • Carnivores (eat animals)
  • Omnivores (eat both plants and animals)
  • Scavengers (eat dead animals)
  • Parasites (live in or on another living organism to get nourishment)
• Decomposers and detritivores

  Organisms that use dead organic matter for food and return nutrients
• Major roles/actions


  • Producers trap radiant energy from the sun and use it to convert inorganic molecules
  • Consumers use organic matter produced by plants
  • Decomposers convert organic matter into inorganic material
• Carolus Linnaeus


  Founder of the modern taxonomy, author of "Systema Naturae"
• Carolus Linnaeus is often called the father of taxonomy
• Carolus Linnaeus is also known as Carl von Linné
• Genus and species


  The scientific name of the domestic cat is Felis domestica
• Writing scientific names


  Capitalize the first letter of the genus name, do not capitalize the species name, both names must be italicized when typewritten or underlined when handwritten
• Levels of classification


  • Kingdom
  • Phylum
  • Class
  • Order
  • Family
  • Genus
  • Species
• Evolution


  A change in a population of organisms over time
• Lamarck's theory of evolution

  Theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics, theory of use and disuse
• Georges Cuvier's theory of correlation of parts

  Hypothesized that the emergence and destruction of a species came about because of catastrophic events, known as the theory of catastrophism
• Darwin's theory of natural selection

  Posits "survival of the fittest"
• Charles Darwin's grandfather was Erasmus Darwin
• Charles Darwin left England aboard the ship HMS Beagle


  December 27, 1831
• Charles Darwin published "On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection"

  November 24, 1859
• Hermaphrodites/monoecious


  Each flower has both male and female sex organs
• Dioecious


  Plants have male and female parts in separate flowers
• Parts of a flower

  • Male organs: Stamen, Anther, Filament
  • Female organs: Pistil, Stigma, Style, Ovary
• Asexual reproduction in animals

  The process whereby one parent produces offspring by cell division
• Methods of asexual reproduction in animals

  • Fission (can produce an exact copy of the parent)
  • Budding
  • Fragmentation
• Testes


  Male reproductive organ
• Ovaries/Ovary


  Female reproductive organ
• Flow of energy


  Energy flows in one direction as it is captured by producers and transferred to consumers
• Food chain


  A way of describing the flow of energy in food through a community
• Food webs


  They connect and overlap to form a network of food chains
• Ecological pyramid


  Illustrates the flow of energy through an ecosystem
• Types of ecological pyramids

  • Energy pyramid
  • Pyramid of numbers
  • Pyramid of biomass
• Types of symbiotic relationships

  • Mutualism (both organisms benefit)
  • Commensalism (one organism benefits, the other is unaffected)
  • Parasitism (one organism benefits, the other is harmed)
  • Predation (one organism feeds on another)
• Types of competition


  • Intraspecific (between members of the same species)
  • Interspecific (between members of different species)
• Evidence of evolution


  • Direct evidence (experiments in the laboratory)
  • Indirect evidence (fossils, fossil record, embryological evidence, homologous structures, analogous structures, vestigial structures)
• Six kingdoms of classification

  • Bacteria
  • Archaea
  • Protista
  • Plantae
  • Fungi
  • Animalia