test 3

• Ozone depletion


  Caused by the release of chemical compounds containing gaseous chlorine or bromine from industry and other human activities
• There is O3 in the troposphere, but tropospheric ozone is considered 'bad' ozone
• Tropospheric ozone

  • Source: Gas emissions from vehicles, power plants, and refineries interact with sunlight
  • O3 is a major component of smog
  • Effects: causes damage to plant cells, slows down photosynthesis and plant growth, damages lung tissues, causes eye irritation, chest pain, headaches
• Energy

  Tenaga adalah kebolehan untuk menjalankan kerja
• Energy

  The ability or capacity to do work on some form of matter, anything with mass and occupies space
• Work and Energy


  Measure of energy transfer that occurs when an object is moved by external force (pushed, pulled, lifted)
• Work and Energy


  1. We lift a brick=We exert force against gravitational force (we "do work" on the brick)

  2. The higher we lift the brick, the more work we do, the more energy we give to the brick

  3. Now the brick has a lot of energy, it can do work on other things

  4. So, the brick now can do work on your foot
• Potential Energy


  • Internal energy = energy stored in an object
  • Total amount of energy stored = how much work that object is capable of doing
  • PE = m g h (Mass, Gravitational acceleration, Height)
• Air_1 vs Air_2


  PE (Air_1) > PR (air_2) (A 100 m3 of air higher from the surface has higher potential energy from a 100 m3 of air near the surface)
• Kinetic Energy


  • Any moving substance possesses energy of motion
  • KE = Mass (volume x density) x velocity of the mass
• Kinetic Energy of water vs air

  If a 100 m3 of water and a 100 m3 of air moving at the same speed, water has more KE because it has larger mass (KE water > KE air)
• Energy can take in many forms, it can change from one to another, Energy cannot be created nor can it be destroyed, it just changed from one to another in any ordinary physical or chemical processes, Energy loss in one process must equal to the energy gain during another, thus the energy is conserved, This is what we call: the Law of Conservation of Energy or the First Law of Thermodynamics
• Temperature


  • Temperature a measure of the average speed (average motion) of the atoms and molecules, where higher temperatures correspond to faster average speeds
  • If we warm the air, the molecules will move faster, but they also will move slightly farther apart—the air becomes less dense
  • If we cool the air back to its original temperature, the molecules would slow down, crowd closer together, and the air would become more dense
  • So, surface air can be 'warm, less-dense air' or 'as cold, more-dense air'
• Absolute zero


  The lowest temperature possible, the atoms and molecules would possess a minimum amount of energy and theoretically no thermal motion
• Kelvin scale


  The absolute scale, starting point for temperature measurement
• Fahrenheit scale


  Developed in the early eighteenth century, assigned the number 32 to the temperature at which water freezes, and the number 212 to the temperature at which water boils
• Celsius scale


  Introduced later in the eighteenth century, part of the metric system, number 0 assigned to the temperature at which pure water freezes, and the number 100 to the temperature at which pure water boils at sea level
• Temperature conversion


  K = C + 273, each Celsius degree is 1.8 times larger than a Fahrenheit degree
• Temperature unit used in most scientific data, Thermometers and other instruments are usually housed in an instrument shelter/Stevenson screen to protect from weather elements
• Specific Heat


  The heat capacity of a substance per unit mass, the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram (g) of a substance 1 degree Celsius
• Water has a much higher capacity for storing energy than other common substances, such as soil and air. A given volume of water can store a large amount of energy while undergoing only a small temperature change. Because of this attribute, water has a strong modifying effect on weather and climate. Near large bodies of water, for example, winters usually remain warmer and summers cooler than nearby inland regions
• Latent Heat


  The heat energy required to change a substance, such as water, from one state to another without temperature change
• Sensible Heat


  The heat we can feel, "sense," and measure with a thermometer
• Weather is a state of the atmosphere at any particular time, Climate is the average range of weather experienced at a place or in a region over a long period of time, for example, rainfall averaged over 30 years in in Malaysia
• "Climate is what you expect, weather is what you get"