3i's

• Hypothesis


  A statement that we are trying to prove or disprove. It is used to express the relationship between variables and whether this relationship is significant.
• Purpose of a hypothesis

  To predict your paper's findings, data, and conclusion. It comes from a place of curiosity and intuition.
• Characteristics of a good hypothesis

  • Testable
  • Logical
  • Directly related to the research problem
  • Factually or theoretically based
  • States relationships between variables
  • Sets limits of the study
• Hypothesis composition

  A hypothesis is composed of an independent variable and a dependent variable.
• Steps in Formulating a Research Hypothesis

  1. State the problem that you are trying to solve

  2. Try to write the hypothesis as an if-then statement

  3. Define the variables

  4. Scrutinize the hypothesis
• Hypothesis in Quantitative Research

  The hypothesis used is a statistical hypothesis, meaning that the hypothesis must be tested using statistical rules.
• Forms of Hypothesis in Quantitative Research

  • Null hypothesis (Ho)
  • Alternative hypothesis (Ha)
• Hypothesis Testing

  A statistical method used to determine if there is enough evidence in a sample data to draw conclusions about a population.
• Bad Research Hypothesis

  • Listening to music provides better information retention.
• Revised Research Hypothesis

  • Students playing classical music while studying will be able to retain and memorize information better in comparison to other genres of music.
• Conceptual Framework

  A representation of the relationship you expect to see between your variables, or the characteristics or properties that you want to study.
• Steps in Formulating a Research Conceptual Framework

  1. Choose your research question

  2. Select your independent and dependent variables

  3. Visualize the cause-and-effect relationship

  4. Identify other influencing variables
• Independent Variable

  The variable you manipulate or vary in an experimental study to explore its affects.
• Dependent Variable

  The variable that changes as a result of the independent variable manipulation. It's the outcome you're interested in measuring, and it "depends" on your independent variable.
• Other Influencing Variables

  • Moderating Variable
  • Mediating Variable
  • Control Variable
  • Confounding Variable
• Moderating Variable

  Influences the strength or direction of the relationship between an independent and dependent variable.
• Mediating Variable

  Explains the relationship between an independent variable and dependent variable.
• Control Variable

  Kept constant or controlled to avoid the influence of other factors that may affect the relationship between the independent variable and dependent variable.
• Confounding Variable

  A type of unmeasured variable that is related to both independent and dependent variable.
• Research


  A detailed and organized way of studying specific topics or problems. It means gathering information, analyzing it closely, and trying to understand it better.
• Statement of the problem


  An explanation in research that describes the issue that is in need of study. It allows the reader to quickly understand the purpose and intent of the research.
• How to clearly formulate the statement of the problem

  1. Identify the problem or specific issue

  2. Define the scope

  3. Provide context and background

  4. Highlight the significance or importance of the problem
• Characteristics of a good statement of the problem

  • Novel
  • Feasible
  • Significant
  • Clear and specific
  • Rooted in evidence
• Definition of terms


  Gives your readers an understanding of the concepts or factors that will be discussed throughout your study, as well as contextual information as to how you will be using those terms in your study.
• Tips for effective defined terms in research


  • Incorporate and define terms that are relevant to your research or that you use a lot in your research but that are not well known
  • Terminology having special meanings related to your research should be included
• Scope


  The problem or issue that the researcher wants to study with the project.
• Limitations


  Constraints that impact the researcher's ability to effectively study the scope of the research.
• Scope and limitations


  Two terms that address the details of a research project.
• Scope example


  • The present study explores the efficacy of potato starch-based bioplastic as an alternative wrapping material. This includes the extraction of the starch itself, to processing it to produce bioplastics and testing the product for its elastic and biodegradability properties.
• Limitations example


  • Experimentations and data gathering are limited to household settings with health and safety protocols applied for the pandemic.
• Scope example


  • This study focuses on the Effects of Depression on the Academic Performance of Senior High School Students at Panabo City National High School. Data collection will be conducted with 100 randomly selected students from the senior high school population of Panabo City National High School for the school year 2023-2024.
• Limitations example


  • This study will not cover other problems that are not considered as stressors or depressants. Each respondent will be given the same questionnaire to answer. The results of this study will only apply to the respondents involved and will not be used to measure the effects of depression on the academic performance of students who are not part of the study population. The main source of data will be the questionnaire prepared by the researchers.
• Related Review Literature (RRL)


  The process of examining and synthesizing existing academic literature and studies that are relevant to the topic of interest
• The RRL provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge, identifying gaps, inconsistencies, and areas where further research is needed
• By reviewing related literature, researchers can build upon existing knowledge, validate their research hypotheses, and situate their own study within the broader scholarly discourse
• This review is crucial for establishing the theoretical framework, methodology, and rationale for the research project
• Antisocial behavior (ASB)


  Behavior that violates social norms and harms the rights of others
• Antisocial behavior is inconsistent and dependent on specific contexts
• Adolescents are particularly sensitive to antisocial behavior since it is part of growing up and forming personal identity
• Antisocial behavior persists to be a stable characteristic throughout adulthood