practice questions

• Environmental concerns of hydrocarbons

  1. components of natural gas andcrude oil
  2. oil spills
  3. combustion risk
  4. contamination of surface water, ground water, and soil
• environmental concerns of benzene

  1. persistent compounds
  2. can be toxic
  3. possibly a carcinogen
• environmental concerns of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

  1. contained within particulate matter
  2. can bind to DNA
  3. persistent compounds
• environmental concerns of halogenated hydrocarbons

  1. CFCs and other types of halogenated hydrocarbons(e.g., HCFC and halons)involved in ozone depletion
  2. some appear in pesticides
  3. many involved in biomagnification to higher concentrations in organisms at higher trophic levels
  4. body metabolism of chlorinated compounds may result in free-radical production and damage to tissues
• CFC (chlorofluorocarbon)

  
• HCFC (hydrochlorofluorocarbon)

  
• HBFC (hydrobromofluorocarbon)

  
• HFC (hydrofluorocarbon)

  
• HC (hydrocarbon)

  
• PFC (perfluorocarbon)

  
• Halon

  
• Describe how the action of winds within the polar vortex could contribute to the reduction in ozone at the North Pole and South Pole

  The polar vortex consists of high-altitude winds that can act to carry CFCs and other ozone-depletingsubstances into the stratosphere. Over time, the vortex will permit the accumulation and possible increase inthe concentrate of these substances in the area over the poles, resulting in significant ozone loss.
• why are free radicals reactive substances?


  Free radicals are atoms or other substances that have unpaired electrons in their outermost energy level.Substances with unpaired electrons tend to be highly reactive. They combine with other molecules to formbonds that will leave the radical with paired electrons in its outermost energy level.
• Concerns surrounding aromatic compounds

  1. slightly more soluble than in water than linear hydrocarbons, they can accumulate in water
  2. the ring is very stable structure due to the unique bonding between carbons-structure is persistent in the environment
• alcohol

  
• carboxylic acid

  
• ester

  
• name one type of substance released during off gasing