topic 2

Created by

meg

Cards (54)

what was the causes of the 3rd crusade? 
-muslim forces had taken back control of the crusader states but had quarrels with christian lords ruling them
-saladin led muslim forces in a great victory over Christian army at the battle of hattin
-saladins army attacked jerusalem and was back under control by muslims
-people in europe shocked and horrified
who went on cusades? 
-knights
-8000 professional soldiers hired by richard
-priests gave religious guideness and fought
-civilians: women were nurses and cooks
-important church men such as hubert walter
what did Pope Gregory VIII issue?
-a papal bull calling for a 3rd crusade
-he offered indulgence to those who went
what was indulgence? 
complete forgiveness of sins and immediate admission into heaven
why did people go on crusades? 
-rewards
-religion
-revenge
-respect
why did people go on crusades? (rewards)
-crusaders debts cancelled whilst away
-avoid paying the saladin tithe
-opportunity to gain wealth and land in the holy land
-professional soldiers were paid
why did people go on crusades? (respect) 
-win glory and respect
-complete knight service and fulfil duty to their lord
why did people go on crusade? (revenge)
on muslims
why did people go on crusade? (religion) 
-pope offered full indulgence
-Jerusalem was most scared christian place
-saw it as their religious duty
what were attitudes to crusaders like? 
-highly supported richards decision as it was seen as the highest duty a king performed
-many felt it was their christian duty to recapture jerusalem so supported it
-some resented the cost and were worried about the management of land since knights were away and were concerned with the absence of a king
why were richards motives to go on crusade?
-he was highly religious so saw it as his christian duty
-he wanted to be honoured
-he had the resources to recapture it due to the size and wealth of the angevin empire
-his great grandfather had been king of jerusalem so saw a family connection
-he was a great solider and had military experience
what was stage 1 of richards quarrel with philip?
Before the crusade started, philip tried to take angevin lands but after richards was set to marry philips sister, he gave him french land
what was stage 2 of richards quarrel with philip?
Frederick the 1st (the 3rd leader on the crusade) had drowned and many of his men went home, increasing the rivalry between richard and philip
what was stage 3 of richards quarrel with philip?
-Richards arrival in Italy; he was greeted with a great ceremony while philip received a quiet reception, causing him to feel humiliated
-after fighting erupted, Richard conquered messina
-richard gave philip money to form a peace deal
what was stage 4 of richards quarrel with philip? 
Richard invaded and conquered cyprus and refused to give philip any land, he then sold the island for 100,000 gold coins and secured supplies for his army
what was stage 5 of richards quarrel with philip?
In cyprus, Richard married Berengaria of Navarre which went against his agreement of marrying philips sister
what was stage 6 of richards quarrel with philip?
They disagreed who should be king of Jerusalem and how much to pay their professional soldiers
what was stage 7 of richards quarrel with philip?
-philip returned home after winning at acre due to him being unwell and richard
-philip also feared france would be attacked
where was acre? 
main port of jersualem
what happened at the siege of acre?
-Richard managed to sink enemy ships and used catapults while philip had miners dig tunnels under the walls
-saladin surrendered his forces
what was stage 1 of the battle of arsuf? 
richard negotiated with saladin to release muslim soliders for 200,000 gold coins, christian prisoners and hand over weapons and the true cross but saladin refused this
what was stage 2 of the battle of arsuf?
richard executed 2700 muslim prisoners
what was stage 3 of the battle of arsuf? 
marching to jaffa; richard marched his forces close to the sea for protection and easy transport of supplies and despite attacks from saladins horsemen Richard commanded they hold their formation so saladin himself would have to face them
what was stage 4 of the battle of arsuf?
in 1191 saladins 3000 muslim army attacked crusaders at arsuf
what was stage 5 of the battle of arsuf?
richard led his knights on charge but saladin and his army fled
what was stage 6 of the battle of arsuf?
the crusader army marched to jaffa
what happened in the 1st march on jersualem?
-rebuilt jaffas defences
-richard wanted to go to Ascalon but agreed with crusader leaders to march to Jerusalem
-progress was slow due to terrible weather; mud and rain destroyed food, clothes and weapons
-richard led the crusaders to Ascalon
what happened in the 2nd march to jerusalem?
-weather improved but there was a lack of water and saladin had poisoned the wells
-richard decided to retreat again
what was the reasons for not attacking jersualem?
-left coast; supply lines vulnerable, cut off from food and water, could be surrounded by muslims forces
-lack of troops; Jerusalem had strong defences such as fortresses
-lack of resources; couldnt hold the city if they were successful
how did the crusaders save jaffa?
-crusaders were at ascalon when saladin tried to retake Jaffa
-leaders were about to surrender in jaffa when richard led a surprise attack
-richard was successful at defending the city and the attack showed his bravery and skills
-both leaders (saladin and Richard) decided to stop fighting which led to the treaty of jaffa
what were the reasons for the treaty of jaffa? 
-richards land was at risk form philip and john
-saladin was ill and was running out of money to pay for the war
what did the treaty of jaffa do? 
-muslims retained jaffa
-no fighting for 3 years
-christians retained coastline
-christians could safely visit sacred sights in jerusalem
how was richard captured when returning from crusade? 
-he had to cross land as the sea was too rough
-the Duke of Astria, Henry VI the Hold Roman Emperor all resented richard
-italy was also being ruled by the cousin of someone who richard had stopped becoming king of Jeruselam
-richard was shipwrecked and had to cross enemy territory and was recognised in Vienna
how was richards ransom decided?
-henry and philip agreed a ransom figure (100,000 marks)
-the ransom was high due to richards importance and henry wanted money and philip could use this opportunity to capture land
what happened regarding richards ransom?
-john didnt want to pay so leading nobles and eleanor of aquitaine took charge
-tax increased; a tallage of 337 on Jews, donation from the king of scotland, land tax on tenants-in-chief and under-tenants, gold and silver plates from churches
-took 6 months
why was normandy so important?
-close to paris; options for wining land and threaten french kings
-wealthy
-fertile land
-barons held land in normandy
-normon towns were wealthy and traded with england
-if they lost normandy there would be a risk of an england invasion
why was richard successful in defending normandy? 
-military skill; army and johns successfully laid a seige in Normandy to many castles
-bribery; richard bribed nobles to switch sides so there would be more support and more knights
-forging alliances; counts Toulouse, Flanders and Boulage; they all surrounded philip
why was chateau gillard important?
-it defended Normandy's capital, rouen
-good base to attack philips land
-cost put strain on englands finance; barons accepted it was worth it
-angevin kings demonstrated their wealth as it was a magnificent palace
what was the location like of chateau gillard? 
-on the boarder of Normandy
-on the river seine meant ships could easily reach the base
-it defended the main route from paris to rouen meant men and supplies could be transfered easily by road
-good base to attack castles in vexin
what was the structure of chateau gillard like? 
-several walls thick and huge towers around the centre tower
-curved walls meant no weak points for catapult stones to hit