topic 3

• what were the barons motives for the rebellion? (fairness)

  -accused John of using arbitrary power to benefit himself

  -he gave out unfair punishments

  -barons accused John of selling justice
• what were the barons motives for the rebellion? (finance)

  -John demanded high and more frequent tax causing the barons debt

  -John demanded more than what was fair
• what were the barons motives for the rebellion? (favourites)

  -John relied on a small number of 'new men' for advice and rewarded them rather than the barons, these men were seen as foreigners

  -few barons advised and consulted
• what were the barons motives for rebellion? (behaviour)

  -John treated people cruelly (seen in the William braose case)

  -John made baron widows marry his choice

  -John was accused of seducing baron wives and daughters
• when was the barons rebellion?

  1215
• what happened in the rebellion?

  -November 1214; John had a choice to accept terms of Henry 1st Coronation carter

  -January 1215; John agreed to meet barons in London but refused their demands

  -March 1215; John 'took the cross' to gain the popes support

  -April 1215; Barons had an army and sent more demands but John refused

  -May 1215; Barons rebelled but failed (they marched to London but John seized 39 Barons lands) this led to a negotiation

  -June 1215; Magna Carta
• when was the Magna Carta?


  1215
• what were the Magna Carta terms?

  -inheritance fines set to £100

  -English church was free

  -king couldn't sell justice or deny it to anyone

  -widows shall not be forced to marry and won't have to pay to inherit land

  -no freeman arrested without a fair trial

  -man has to have a trial before his land is confiscated

  -scutage and aids only raised with agreement from barons
• why was Rochester castle important?

  it was on route from Dover to London and so it was needed to either defend or attack the capital
• when did the rebels take control of Rochester castle?


  1215
• how long did the barons take surrendering the castle to John?

  7 weeks
• what did John do in response to barons taking Rochester?

  he took control of the town and land siege to the castle
• how was Rochester attacked by John?

  -bridges destroyed prevented supplies reaching the castle

  -miners dug under the walls and caused one of the towers to collapse

  -machines pounded the walls with stones
• what happened when prince Louis invaded?

  -he had an army of 1200 knights

  -he took control Rochester and arrived in London

  -more barons joined the rebels (2/3)

  -people preferred Louis due to his money and experience

  -he took more land

  -John suddenly died of illness
• why did the barons turn to Louis?

  -he had more money to pay for the war

  -he had more military experience
• what were the problems with the succession?

  -a child was now king so William marshal had to get him crowned before the rebels crowned louis

  -a council of 13 loyal barons elected William marshal protector and regent due to his military and diplomaticskills
• what were the advantages of Louis and the rebels?

  -directly controlled large section of the country

  -held London which was vital for trade

  -had more money

  -outnumbered the royalists
• what were the advantages of the royalists?

  -Henry was young which meant no rebels could complain against him

  -had a strong English navy

  -had a ruling council made up of 13 powerful and experienced barons

  -had support of the church

  -English people wanted and English king
• what was the condition of England in 1216? (economy)

  -trade, farming and all economic activity was disrupted by the civil war

  -huge taxes left many in debt

  -england nearly went bankrupt
• what was the condition of England in 1216? (ruling)

  -parts under control of barons and louis

  -rest under control of William marshal who has support from the nobles and pope
• when was peace between Louis and the royalists?

  1217
• what did William marshal do?

  -took Henry to court and issues an amend to the Magna Carta with he approval of the church and removed the rebel barons movies for war
• why did some rebel barons change sides?

  Louis left to France for more troops and resource
• when did Louis give up bis claim to the throne?

  1217
• what was the build up to the war?

  -John agreed to the Magna Carta but secretly appealed to the pope for help

  -pope declared the Magna Carta void, as John had been forced to sign it, by issuing a papa bull and threaten to excommunicate anyone who enforced it
• how did John fail in France?

  -he left well-prepared with a large, experienced army mostly paid fro by the barons through scutage

  -John had powerful allies such as the Holy Roman Emperor and counts if Boulogne, Flanders and Holland who all wanted to attack Philip

  -the planned to attack him from both the North and south side

  -johns allies lost
• what was the impact of failing to gain back normandy?

  -barons outraged

  -£130,000 wasted

  -John got the reputation of soft sword

  -John returned discredited and defeated

  -france now most powerful nation in Europe
• when was John excommunicated?

  1209
• what happened when John was excommunicated?

  -he seized more church land and possessions

  -He was excluded from church services and had to go to hell
• what was Johns response to the Interdict?

  -confiscated any property of the clergy who had opposed him and kept profit

  -monks and mistresses arrested and to pay a large fine

  -clergy had to pay to get their land back
• what were the causes of the dispute?

  -after Hubert Walter died, John and the pope fell out due to disagreeing who should be the new archbishop

  -pope decided on Stephan Langton

  -John refused to let Langton into England and expelled Monks from Canterbury fore disagreeing with him and seized land from Italian clergy

  -therefore the pope placed England under an interdict
• what were the consequences of the interdict?

  -most people were on Johns side

  -dying were not allowed to receive mass

  -marraiges couldn't take place inside a church

  -Christian burials were forbidden

  -relgious services couldn't take place

  -baptisms only allowed to take place behind closed doors in a church
• what was the impact of the interdict on everyday life?

  -lack of christian burials

  -praying, fasting and pilgrimage continued

  -priests still held church services outside church

  -some clergy ignored the interdict
• why was there a reconciliation?

  -in 1212 John defeated a baron rebellion but lacked allies

  -by 1213 England was at risk of invasion from Philip and prince Louis

  -John had to back down against the pope to avoid Philip and the pope forming an alliance as if they did Philip could claim crusade
• when was the reconciliation?

  1213
• what did John do in may 1213?

  agreed to peace terms and to become the popes vassal
• what were the terms of the reconciliation?

  -langton allowed to be the Archbishop of Canterbury

  -all exiled clergy allowed to return

  -compensation to the pope

  -John had to pay 1000 marks per year to the pope
• what was the significance of the reconciliation?

  -prevented Philip from invading in 1213

  -gave John an important ally
• how did John use arbitrary?


  -he manipulated the law to benefit him which made the barons resent him

  -he was accused of selling justice for goods; William De Braose only paid a little to John but John took his land and captured his wife and son and starved them to death while William fled to Ireland then France
• what was the punishment if barons failed to pay fines?

  John and his favourites pressured barons to pay debts within a fixed period an if not he would seize their land and take their relatives hostage