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• Energy


  The ability to do work
• Work


  Done when a force causes a stationary body to move, therefore energy is needed to do work
• Forms of mechanical energy

  • Kinetic Energy (Energy in motion)
  • Potential Energy (Energy waiting to be released)
• Forms of energy


  • Mechanical
  • Thermal
  • Chemical
  • Nuclear
  • Sound
• Law of Conservation of Energy


  Energy can neither be created or destroyed - only converted from one form to another
• Power

  The rate of conversion of energy
• Units of power


  • 1 Watt = 1 Joule per second
  • 1 kilowatt (kW) = 1000 Watts or 1000 Joules / second
  • 1 Megawatt (MW) = 1,000,000 Watts
  • 1 horsepower (hp) = 746 Watts or 0.746kW
• Kilowatt-hour


  The amount of energy used in one hour by a device with a power rating of one kilowatt
• Sources of energy


  • Non-renewable
  • Renewable
• Fossil fuels


  Petroleum, Coal, Natural Gas
• How oil is made


  Oil is a complex mixture of several substances that are called hydro-carbons because their molecules contain carbon and hydrogen only. This complex mixture is separated into a set of simpler mixtures in oil refineries in a process called fractional distillation.
• Natural gas


  Commercially distributed natural gas consists mainly of the gas methane, which is the simplest hydrocarbon. However, natural gas obtained in the fields may contain other hydrocarbons, moisture and other contaminants. It must, therefore, be processed before being distributed.
• Coal


  A solid form of fossil fuel
• Fossil fuels


  • Non-renewable source and can run out
  • Environmental impact of fossil fuel use are oil spills and air pollution
• Major regional petroleum/petrochemical suppliers

  • Trinidad- has oil wells
  • Barbados-has oil wells
  • Guyana- major reserves of oil and gas
• Low-carbon economy


  An economy based on low carbon power sources that therefore has a minimal output of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions into the atmosphere
• Alternative energy sources


  • Solar Energy
  • Wind Energy
  • Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC)
  • Hydroelectricity
  • Nuclear energy
  • Biomass
  • Geothermal
• Energy conservation measures


  • Use energy efficient equipment
  • Fluorescent or LED lamps instead of incandescent lamps
  • Energy Efficient buildings
  • Reduction of waste
  • Turn of lights, A/C, fans not needed
  • Use renewable sources of energy (natural lighting/ventilation, use solar lighting for outdoor locations, etc) where possible
• Net billing


  A facility that allows people to sell the excess power generated from renewable sources in accordance with a net billing licence and a contract with the Jamaica Public Service Company Limited (JPS)
• Health

  A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease
• Factors affecting health

  • Genetics
  • Environment-Physical and Social
  • Lifestyle
  • Health Services
• Types of diseases


  • Communicable
  • Non-communicable
• Vector-borne diseases


  • Dengue, Chickungunya and Zika are Viruses transmitted to humans through bites of infective female Aedes mosquitoes (A. aegypti)
  • Mosquitoes acquire the virus while feeding on blood of infected persons
  • They can then spread the virus to other people through bites
  • Aedes aegypti mosquitoes prefer to bite people, and live indoors and outdoors near people
• Some mosquito borne diseases

  • Dengue
  • Chikungunya
  • Zika
  • Malaria
• Factors affecting health


  • Diet and physical activity habits
  • Tobacco, alcohol and illicit drug use
  • Sexual behaviour
  • Conflict resolution
  • Road use behaviour
  • Environmental hygiene
  • Health care seeking behaviour
• HIV


  HIV infects and destroys an important type of cell in the body's immune system known as the T-helper (TH) cell, also known as the CD4 cell. When CD4 cells are destroyed, the body loses its ability to fight off some other infections.
• HIV in Jamaica


  • In Jamaica, HIV is primarily transmitted through sexual intercourse
  • Heterosexual practice is reported by 95% of persons
  • Main risk factors were: multiple sex partners, history of STIs, crack/cocaine use, sex with sex workers
• Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases (CNCDs)

  • Today account for about 60% of morbidity and mortality in the Caribbean
  • Include: Diabetes, Hypertension, Heart disease, Cancer, Obesity
  • Have a disproportionate impact on the poor, further exacerbating health inequities
• Novel Coronavirus


  • From a large family of Viruses that cause influenza, the common cold, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV), and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV)
  • Coronaviruses are zoonotic, i.e. they are transmitted between animals and people
  • Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a new strain that was discovered in 2019 and has not been previously identified in humans
• Computer Science


  The study of the design of algorithms and their linguistic and mechanical realization
• Algorithm


  A series of unambiguous executable steps to perform some task in a finite amount of time
• Programming


  Linguistic Realization of an algorithm. Before an algorithm can be executed by a computer it first needs to be translated into a program written in a programming language and this program translated into a set of instructions that the computer can execute.
• Computer science can be defined as the study of the design of algorithms, their properties, and their linguistic and mechanical realization.
• Computer science is the science behind information technology.
• Reasons for the rapid increase in the use of IT

  • Decline in cost of computer hardware
  • Coming together of computer and communications technologies
  • Recognition by organizations to the importance of IT in increasing efficiencies
• The Internet


  A global network of computers sharing information. It allows access to information from around the world at a relatively low cost. The Internet has been used for entertainment, information exchange between academics and institutions, conducting business, and creating global interest groups e.g., support groups.
• The term 'internet'

  Was coined in 1974
• The Internet


  • Not "owned" by any single entity
  • Address spaces managed by ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers) – currently US controlled
  • Big push to make ICANN independent and run by an international consortium
• World Wide Web


  A system of interlinked hypermedia documents accessed via the Internet. Hypermedia: Allows the dynamic organization of information through links and connections
• 1. commerce


  The buying or selling of products or services over electronic systems, e.g. the Internet