PMLSLEC NonBlood

• Nonblood specimens should be labeled with the same

  identifying information as blood specimens.
• labeling should include the type and/or source of the specimen.
• Because the lid is removed for testing, the label should be applied to the container, not the lid, so as to avoid misidentification.
• It is important for the phlebotomist to verify proper labeling before accepting a specimen for transport.
• The phlebotomist must be familiar with

  these requirements to protect the integrity of the

  specimen and help ensure accurate test results.
• Nonblood body fluids are liquid or semiliquid

  substances produced by the body and found in the

  intracellular and interstitial spaces and within various

  organs and body spaces
• most frequently analyzed nonblood body fluid.

  URINE
• its analysis can provide information on many of the body’s major metabolic functions.

  URINE
• If urine specimens are not tested promptly,

  urine components can change.
• Inpatient urine specimen collection is typically handled

  by nursing personnel.
• Outpatient urine specimen

  collection is often handled by phlebotomists.
• In outpatient areas, written instructions

  are often posted on the wall in the restroom designated

  for patient urine collections.
• The type of specimen preferred for many urine tests is the

  first urine voided (passed naturally from the bladder or

  urinated) in the morning, because it is the most

  concentrated.
• A routine urinalysis (UA) is the most commonly

  requested urine test because it screens for urinary and

  systemic disorders.
• A routine urinalysis (UA) is the most commonly

  requested urine test because it screens for urinary and

  systemic disorders.
• involves macroscopic observation and notation of

  color, clarity, and odor, as well as measurements of

  volume and specific gravity (SG) or osmolality.

  Physical analysis
• can detect bacteria, bilirubin, blood (red blood cells

  and hemoglobin), glucose, ketones, leukocytes,

  nitrite, protein, and urobilinogen, and measure pH

  and specific gravity.

  CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
• Special timing, which is not the same for all tests, is

  involved in reading the results, which are reported in

  the manner indicated on the color chart.
• trace, 1+, 2+,


  POSITIVE RESULT
• negative (neg) or (-)


  NO REACTION IS NOTED
• identifies urine components such as cells, crystals,

  and microorganisms by examining a sample of urine

  sediment under a microscope.

  MICROSCOPIC ANALYSIS
• the ideal procedure for collecting a

  specimen for routine urinalysis is referred to as

  midstream collection.
• Routine UA specimens should be collected in clear, dry,

  chemically clean containers with tight-fitting lids.
• Specimens that require both UA and C&S testing should

  be refrigerated if immediate processing is not possible.
• Specimens that cannot be transported or

  analyzed promptly can be held at room temperature and

  protected from light for up to 2 hours.
• may be requested on a patient with symptoms of urinary tract

  infection (UTI).


  urine culture and sensitivity (C&S)
• The culture involves placing a measured portion of urine

  on a special nutrient medium that encourages the growth

  of microorganisms, incubating it for 18 to 24 hours,

  checking it for growth, and identifying any

  microorganisms that grow.
• Urine for C&S testing must be collected in a sterile

  container following midstream clean-catch procedures
• are performed to detect

  cancer, cytomegalovirus, and other viral and

  inflammatory diseases of the bladder and other structures

  of the urinary system.

  CYTOLOGY STUDIES
• Cells from the lining of the urinary tract are readily shed

  into the urine, and a smear containing them can easily be

  prepared from urinary sediment or filtrate.
• RECOMMENDED CAPACITY OF URINE SPECIMENT

  50 ML
• ML OF URINE SPECIMEN USES FOR MICROSCOPIC

  12 ML
• SPECIMEN REJECTION:

  • improperly labeled and collected specimens
  • non matching labels and requisition forms
  • contaminated with feces/toilet paper
  • containers with contaminated exteriors
  • specimens of insufficient quality (QNS)
  • improperly transported specimens
• Random refers only to the timing of the specimen

  and not the method of collection.
• most commonly received specimen

  random urine
• ideal screening specimen


  first morning/8-hour specimen
• This type of specimen normally has a higher

  specific gravity, which means that it is more

  concentrated than a random specimen.


  first morning/8 hour specimen
• safer, less traumatic method for obtaining urnie for bacterial culture and routine urinalysis

  midstream clean-catch
• less contaminated by epithelial cells and bacteria

  midstream clean catch
• is more representative of the actual urine than the routinely voided urine

  midstream clean-catch