Plq's

• Tumor-suppressor gene


  When mutated, may lose its function and ability to suppress cell proliferation
• Most cancers do not involve genetic changes that are passed from parent to offspring
• Sickle-cell anemia


  Caused by a missense mutation in the β-globin gene
• Mutation in gene and protein sequences

  Base addition—frameshift
• Oncogene


  A gene that becomes overactive, contributing to uncontrolled cell growth
• Nonsense mutation


  Responsible for a shortened version of a protein
• Metastatic

  Cancer cells have the ability to migrate to other parts of the body
• A somatic cell mutation only affects a subset of cells within the organism
• Checkpoint proteins

  Prevent a cell from progressing uncontrollably through the cell cycle
• All of the answers are correct in converting proto-oncogenes into oncogenes
• Bivalent


  Contributes to the genetic diversity of a species
• Meiosis


  The process by which haploid cells are produced from diploid cells
• End of Meiosis I

  • The cells are haploid and the homologous chromosomes are in separate cells
• Meiosis must occur at some point in the life cycle of sexually reproducing species to prevent a doubling of chromosomes in each generation
• During prophase of mitosis, chromosomes are condensing


  During prophase II of meiosis, chromosomes are already condensed from meiosis I
• Interphase


  A eukaryotic cell would be expected to grow, replicate its DNA, and prepare for mitosis
• Meiosis I

  Produces two haploid cells
• Meiosis II

  Produces four haploid cells
• Turner Syndrome

  Abnormality caused by a gamete lacking a sex chromosome due to nondisjunction fusing with a gamete carrying an X chromosome
• Mitosis


  1. Sister chromatids condense

  2. The nuclear membrane breaks up

  3. Sister chromatids align on the metaphase plate

  4. Sister chromatids separate

  5. The cleavage furrow forms
• Sister chromatids are exact copies of each other and are formed just prior to cell division
• Human Males Produce

  sperm; half contain an X chromosome; half contain a Y chromosome
• 1. linked gene


  A gene on the X-chromosome
• Dominant allele


  In a heterozygous individual, the allele that determines the phenotype
• Testcross


  a cross between an organism of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual
• The law of independent assortment states that the two alleles of the same gene will segregate from each other during gamete formation
• The law of independent assortment is FALSE
• Epigenetics: the study of changes in organisms caused by modification of gene expression rather than alteration of the genetic code itself.
• Epigenetic inheritance: the inheritance of traits that are not passed on through the DNA. Inherited from parents.
• Chromatin Modification: DNA Methylation, Chromatin Remodeling, Covalent Histone, Localization of Histone.
• X-Chromosome inactivation example: Calico Cats
• Genomic Imprinting: segment of DNA is imprinted, or marked, in a way that affects gene expression throughout the life of the individual. Ex: IGF2 gene.