making salt

• soluble salt + soluble -> insoluble (precipitation)

  • deionised water rinse!
  • Dissolve solubles, deionised water
  • Excess soluble -> ensure metal fully precipitated
  • Mix & stir, dissolve, -> insoluble precipitate
  • Filter beaker - rinse it - filter again (get all precipitate from beaker)
  • rinse filter paper (other soluble product washed)
• Acid + insoluble base -> soluble salt

  base: metal, carbonate

  Heat acid, water bath (increase rate react)

  mix base to acid, stir

  till excess

  Filter excess solid (separate mixture)

  -> solution of salt + water

  Heat solution until crystallisation point / form

  (evaporate water) -> saturated solution

  Leave solution cool (evaporating dish)

  Salt crystallise

  Filter off crystal/solid

  • Dry carefully: use pressed filter paper, to not lose water of crystallisation
• How to know excess, saturated (acid + insoluble base)


  excess: all acid neutralised, excess sink, solid remain visible

  • saturated: no more solid can dissolve at that tmp/upon adding more. use glass rod stir, show crystal form at edge (on glass rod)
• arbonate base vs oxide

  no need to heat acid - carbonate react with acid rtp

  • no bubbles - carbonate excess
• Acid + alkali -> soluble salt

  heat acid, water bath

  add indicator to known acid vol

  add alkali to acid, burette

  until end-point: when indicator change color, neutralised

  record amount alkali add (initial - final vol burette)

  * repeat titration 3 times, take avg alkali vol

  mix again, no indicator -> solution

  heat, evap water

  • leave to cool, crystalise, filter solid, dry