DRRR

• Geological maps play a crucial role in identifying and mitigating geological hazards such as landslides, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions
• Hazard map


  A geographical representation that depicts the spatial distribution and intensity of various hazards within a specific area
• Hazard map uses


  1. Risk assessment

  2. Emergency planning

  3. Disaster mitigation efforts
• Hazard maps


  • Identify areas prone to natural or human-induced hazards
  • Provide information on the potential impacts of these hazards on communities, infrastructure, and the environment
• How geological maps contribute to hazard mitigation

  1. Identification of hazard zones

  2. Assessment of risk factors

  3. Planning and land-use management

  4. Infrastructure design and engineering

  5. Early warning systems

  6. Public education and awareness
• Fire hazards are workplace hazards that either involve the presence of a flame, increase the probability that an uncontrolled fire will occur, or increase the severity of a fire should one occur
• Fire hazards


  • Combustible substances
  • Electrical equipment
  • Flammable liquids and gases
  • Heat sources
  • Ignition sources
  • Poor housekeeping
  • Improper storage
  • Lack of fire protection equipment
  • Ignition of nearby hazards
  • Human error
• Phases of a fire

  • Incipient
  • Growth
  • Fully Developed
  • Decay
• Incipient stage


  Ignition has occurred but there has been no spread
• Growth stage


  The fire has established itself and burns self-sufficiently
• Fully developed stage


  The fire reaches its hottest point and engulfs all the available fuel sources
• Decay stage


  The fire runs out of oxygen or fuel to sustain itself
• Elements of fire triangle

  • Oxygen
  • Fuel
  • Heat
• Fire tetrahedron

  A 3D fire triangle with the extra point being the chemical reaction (combustion) that occurs when the three elements of the fire triangle are present in enough quantity
• Oxygen

  The oxidizing agent that enables the combustion process
• Heat

  The energy needed to raise the temperature of a fuel to its ignition point
• Fuel


  The heart and soul of fire, it releases the stored energy in heat and light
• There is the assumption that these are oxygen masks because we rely so heavily on oxygen
• Heat


  The energy needed to raise the temperature of a fuel to its ignition point. Once the fuel reaches this critical temperature, it begins to release gases that can sustain combustion. Heat sources can include open flames, electrical sparks, friction, or any other heat-producing process
• Heat is required to start a fire. But, once the fire begins, it often generates enough heat to keep the fire going without needing to add continually
• Temperatures that demonstrate when combustion will occur

  • Flashpoint: The temperature at which a substance will burn when exposed to an open flame (such as a match)
  • Autoignition temperature: The temperature at which a substance will burn without exposure to an open flame
  • Fire point: The temperature at which a substance will continue to burn on its own after ignition (usually a few degrees higher than the flash point)
• Fuel


  The heart and soul of fire. It releases the stored energy in heat and light during combustion
• Fuels for fire are different from other forms of power, like batteries that release electrical energy or springs that release mechanical energy. In contrast, all these different types of fuels all release stored energy, while fuels for fire release them in the form of heat and light
• Traditional forms of fuel for a fire

  • Wood
  • Fossil fuels such as coal
• Humans have controlled wood fuel for fires for more than 2 million years
• Since 800 BC, people have been using fossil fuels such as coal ever since Persian chemists used them. But it wasn't until the Industrial Revolution in the 1700s that humanity used fossil fuels on a large scale
• Kinds of Fuels


  • Solid Fuels - common combustibles (wood, paper, fabric, plastics), metals (potassium, sodium, magnesium, aluminum), chemicals (sulfur)
  • Liquid Fuels - flammable or combustible carbon based liquids, gasoline, alcohol, solvent oils
  • Flammable Gas - Hydrogen, Methane, Ethane, Propane, Butane, Flammable Vapors (material existing as liquids at ambient temperature)
• Fire temperature


  The fire's temperature depends on the fuel type, amount, and available oxygen or oxidizing agent. If you want a broad temperature range for your average fire, it can go between 400°F (200°C) and 9000°F (4,982°C)
• Fire temperature ranges


  • Blue Flame: 2,732°F (1,500°C) to 5,432 °F (3,000°C)
  • White flame: 2,372°F (1300°C) to 2,732°F (1,500°C)
  • Orange flame: 2,012 (1,100°C) to 2,372°F (1300° C)
  • Red flame: 600 to 850 °C (1,112 to 1,562 °F)
• Disaster risk reduction (DRR)

  The systematic process of reducing the risk and vulnerabilities associated with disasters to lessen the negative impacts on people, property, and the environment. It involves various strategies, policies, and actions aimed at preventing or mitigating the adverse effects of natural or human-induced hazards
• Risk assessment and analysis

  1. Identify the assets

  2. Determine the critical level of assets

  3. Identify the threats to each critical asset

  4. Identify the existing countermeasures (existing security is existing countermeasures)

  5. Determine the vulnerability level of each critical asset

  6. Determine the risk level of each critical asset

  7. Recommend security upgrades to reduce high levels of risk

  8. Perform a cost-benefit analysis in support of upgrade recommendation if possible
• Preparedness and early warning systems

  1. Developing and implementing plans, procedures, and mechanisms to enhance the readiness of individuals, communities, and institutions to respond effectively to disasters

  2. Establishing early warning systems to provide timely alerts and information to at-risk populations
• Emergence Preparedness


  1. Make a plan

  2. Get a kit

  3. Be informed
• Risk Mitigation Strategies


  • Risk Avoidance: Elimination of risks by avoiding risky activities
  • Risk Transfer: Shifting of risks to third parties and reducing impact
  • Risk Reduction: Controlling risk occurrence probability or its impact
  • Risk Acceptance: Acknowledging the risks that come along a decision or activity
• Having knowledge of disaster management is crucial for enhancing resilience, saving lives, protecting assets, and promoting sustainable development in the face of increasingly complex and unpredictable risks posed by natural and human-induced hazards
• Hydrometeorological hazards


  • Floods
  • Droughts
  • Hurricanes/typhoons/cyclones
  • Tornadoes
  • Heavy rainfall
  • Storm surges
  • Ice storms
  • Heatwaves
• Community-based Disaster Disk Reduction and Management (CBDRRM)


  Focuses on empowering local communities to take proactive measures to prepare for and mitigate the impact of disasters
• Emergency Plan


  1. Local communities should develop comprehensive emergency plans tailored to their specific risks and vulnerabilities

  2. These plans outline protocols for disaster response, including evacuation procedures, communication channels, roles and responsibilities of community members, and arrangements for accessing resources and external support
• Monitoring and Evaluation


  1. Regular monitoring and evaluation are essential components of CBDRRM to assess the effectiveness of preparedness measures and identify areas for improvement

  2. Community-based monitoring allows local residents to track changes in disaster risks, vulnerabilities, and capacities over time, enabling them to adjust their preparedness efforts accordingly
• Early Warning Systems


  1. Early warning systems (EWS) play a crucial role in CBDRRM by providing timely and accurate information about impending disasters, allowing communities to take proactive measures to minimize the impact

  2. CBDRRM emphasizes the development of locally relevant EWS that consider the specific hazards faced by each community