The Living Body

• What is RESPIRATION?

  Respiration is a chemical reaction that happens in all living cells. This reaction releases energy so that all the other chemical processes needed for life can happen.
• What is the FORMULA for RESPIRATION?

  GLUCOSE + OXYGEN ➡️ CO2 + WATER (+ENERGY)
• What are the parts of THE LUNGS

  BRONCHIOLE, RIB, TRACHEA, BRONCHUS, DIAPHRAGM, RIB MUSCLE ALVEOLUS, CAPILLARY, LUNG.

  
• Describe VEINS

  VEINS - Thin wall width - Large lumen - There are valves present - Take blood to the heart
• Describe ARTERIES

  ARTERIES - thick wall width - small lumen size - There are no valves present - Carries blood away from the heart
• Describe CAPILLARIES

  CAPILLARIES - Single layer of cells for wall - very small lumen - no valves present - allows exchanges of substances
• Lungs

  Organs responsible for respiration, where oxygen is taken in and carbon dioxide is released
• Trachea

  Tube-like structure that connects the throat to the lungs and allows air to flow in and out
• Bronchi

  Airways that branch off from the trachea and lead into the lungs
• Bronchioles

  Smaller branches of the bronchi that further divide and lead to the alveoli
• Alveoli

  Tiny air sacs in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place
• Capillaries


  Tiny blood vessels that surround the alveoli and facilitate the exchange of gases between the lungs and the bloodstream
• Diaphragm


  Muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity and plays a crucial role in breathing
• Ribs

  Bones that protect the lungs and other organs in the chest cavity
• Rib muscles


  Muscles that attach to the ribs and help the diaphragm in the breathing process
• Villi

  Finger-like projections that line the walls of the small intestine and increase the surface area for nutrient absorption. When food is digested, smaller molecules pass into the small intestine and are taken up by the villi, which transport the nutrients into the bloodstream for distribution to the rest of the body.
• What is the mouth for in the digestive system?


  The teeth break the food into chunks and then your saliva breaks it down even more using enzymes.
• What does the Oesophagus do?


  It transports food from the mouth to the stomach by pushing it down.
• What does your stomach do?

  The stomach acid breaks the food down even further.
• What happens in the small intestine?

  Digestion and absorption of nutrients.
• What does the pancreas do?

  Produces insulin and digestive enzymes.
• What does the large intestines do?

  Absorb water and electrolytes, and form and store feces.
• Where does respiration happen?

  In the Mitochondria in every cell of the body.
• where are the amylase made and what do they do?

  Amylase is made in the salivary glands and pancreas. It breaks down carbohydrates into simpler sugar in the mouth
• Where are protease made and what are they used on and where ?

  Proteases are made in cells and are used to break down proteins. They are used in the digestive system to break down food proteins into amino acids.
• Where are lipase made and what are they used on?

  Pancreas, Digestion of fats
• What are carbohydrates for?

  Energy
• What are fats for?

  Energy storage, insulation, and protection of organs.
• What are proteins for?


  Cellular functions (Growth and repair)
• What are vitamins and minerals for?


  For essential chemical reactions in the body
• What is fibre for?

  Helps push food through the guts
• What is water for?

  For digestion, temperature control and chemical reactions?
• What is iodine in food experiments used for?

  starch detection: If brown no, if black yes.
• how do enzymes work?

  Enzymes are a type of catalyst (a substance which speeds up chemical reactions.) They have a specific shape to connect with a specific reactant, also known as a substrate. The enzyme connects with the substrates in the active site. the enzyme then breaks the substrate into smaller pieces small enough to go through the walls of the vowels.
• What is starch (carbohydrates) digested into

  Glucose
• What Is protein digested?

  Amino acids
• What are four alveoli adaptations?

  Thin walls, large surface area, rich blood supply, moist lining.
• What are hormones?

  Chemical messengers produced by glands in the endocrine system that regulate various bodily functions.
• What does thyroxine do and where is it produced? what is metabolism?

  Regulates metabolism (the chemical reactions in the body cells that turns food into energy), produced by thyroid gland.
• what does adrenaline do and where is it produced?

  Response: Fight or flight response, adrenal glands