Philosophy

• Inductive argument

  The premises make sense but the conclusion may not be true (e.g. All birds can fly, Penguins are birds, therefore penguins can't fly)
• Deductive argument


  The premises and the conclusion must be true (e.g. All dogs are mammals, Rex is a dog, therefore Rex is a mammal)
• Valid argument


  Logically correct and there are no gaps in reasoning, but the premises may not be true
• A valid argument can still be fallacious (mistaken belief)
• Sound argument


  Valid and the premises are true
• Empirical evidence


  Knowledge gained via the senses
• Rational evidence


  Knowledge gained via pure reason
• An argument that uses no empirical data to support it is a priori
• An argument that uses empirical data to support it is a posteriori
• A posteriori


  Gained via observing the cosmos and phenomena around us
• Is Aquinas’ Arguement deductive or inductive

  Inductive
• Aquinas: '"God's effect... are enough to prove that God exists, even if they may not be enough to help us comprehend it."'
• Aquinas' Summa Theologica (c. 1265-74) used a combination of Aristotelian logic and scripture
• Elements of Aquinas' cosmological argument

  • Motion
  • Cause and effect
  • Contingent and necessity
• Aquinas' first argument: Argument for motion

  1. Everything is in motion

  2. Moved by something else (potentiality to actuality)

  3. The first mover must be God as there is no such thing as infinite regress
• Aquinas' second argument: Argument for cause and effect


  1. Everything has a cause to its effect

  2. There must be a first cause (God)

  3. Nothing can be the efficient cause of itself
• Aquinas' third argument: The argument for contingent being


  1. Everything contains some contingent things

  2. Contingent beings rely on something else for life (necessity being)

  3. The necessary being must be God
• Malam arquement

  A postenon, inductive arquemcar that uses understanding of the cosmos but also smothe-moto reasoning
• The malam arquement denies the chance of infinite regress and tries to accept that there is a personal God
• Actual is incomplete and can be deleted whereas potential infinite is never complete as things can be added on
• Philosophers state that an actes de cont is paradoxical as you can add or take more from it or would now can actual infe
• The universe cannot be infinite but it is done and there must be a cause that started the universe
• Kalam arquemar

  The thing that started the universe doesn't necessarily have to be the God of classical theism
• As the rules of nature do not apply as nature did not exist before the universe, it cannot be a result of nature
• Kalam arguement

  The universe must be the result of a God who willed the universe into being
• Reasons why the first cause must be personal

  • Scientific
  • Personal
• The big bang theory addressed the scientific aspect
• There is nothing before the big bang according to science
• Something must have caused the big bang
• The cause of the big bang is God
• Agere causation


  There is nothing. The infinite agus cise that can ses the quales of being a Incorporeal and necessary bang Like G-ad Must have the abyand to create the universe