rizal 3d

• Friars


  Endorsed parish priests (local)
• Archbishop


  National level, highest church official of the Philippine Island, Most powerful religious official, Has influence on the government, decision of Governor General. Many instances of Governor General removal due to his opposition.
• Governor General


  Executive head of the government, appointed by the Spanish monarchy and has crucial role in governance (military command, economic policies, implementation of law)
• Conflicts of Archbishop & Religious Officials and Governor General

  Examples: Gov Gen Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera vs Arch Hernando Guerrero, fugitives rights to sanctuary in churches. Corcuera punished of imprisonment. Gov Gen Fernando Bustamante vs Arch Fernando dela Cuesta, immunity of crimes and sanctuary. Bustamante was murdered led by churchmen.
• Governor General as BAD


  Clashed with the archbishop, Slow to comply with the archbishop's wishes, Examples: Emilio Terrero - not acting decisively on Noli Me tangere, Jose dela Gandara - favors liberals, Carlos Ma. dela Torre - associates with emerging filipino middle class
• Governor General as GOOD

  Repressive towards Filipinos, Examples: Rafael Izquierdo, Eulogio Despujol, Camilo de Polavieja
• Church Division of its members

  • Regular Clergy (belong to religious orders, life a secluded life: Dominicans, Augustinians, Recollects, Franciscans, Vows: Chastity, poverty, obedience)
  • Secular Clergy (does not belong to any religious order, not live a secluded life, Vows: obedience and chastity, To minister to the spiritual needs)
• Conflicts in religious community

  Issue: supervision and visitation by bishops and archbishops, Regulars insist they are under their own respective provincials but as acting priests they are under the authority of archbishops (2 masters: provincial & archbishop), Regulars: their duty is to spread Christianity but not to administer parishes thus, exempted from visitation
• Insistence of the archbishop for visitation


  Led to resignation and they were replaced by native seculars
• Native secular were not competent enough and there were complaints of them being vicious compared to the regulars</b>
• Jesuits were also expelled from the empire (teaching radical ideas and causing intrigues)</b>
• Dominican Parishes of Binondo and Parian were secularized</b>
• Secularization


  Process of converting something from religious to secular possession or use, Dissociation or separation from religious or spiritual concern
• 1776- King suspended the secularization due to issues. Parish held by seculars were reverted to regulars. Seculars were insulted because they were already competent at that time.</b>
• New Movement for Secularization

  Led by Filipino Priests: Pedro Pelaez, Jose Burgos, Jacinto Zamora, Opposing them were the Spanish
• Issue: Limpieza de Sangre or Racial superiority. Spanish clergy were said to be better than native clergy
• 19th century produced brilliant native priests of the Phils: Pedro Pablo Pelaez - erudite, Mariano Gomez - protected the natives from Dominican abuses in Cavite, hated by regulars, Jose Burgos - youngest, most brilliant with 8 degrees from UST, Jacinto Zamora - examiner of priests in Manila Cathedral
• Governor General Carlos Ma. dela Torre


  Listened to views and complaints, mingled with people, dismissed his bodyguards, pardoned Camerino, abolished punishment but was not really kind. He is dubious and made Filipino to believe in his kindness. He had the native leaders identified and place them under surveillance. Letters were opened and intercepted.
• Governor General Rafael de Izquierdo


  Replaced Dela Torre (1871), Repealed all initiated reforms, increased taxes of workers & some not exempted from forced labor
• Mutiny


  An open rebellion against authorities especially by soldiers
• Cavite Mutiny


  Cavite Arsenal Workers - salaries cut into half due to tax, not exempted from forced labor, found sympathy among soldiers of fort led by Sergeant Lamadrid. Protest became Mutiny. January 17, 1872 - Lamadrid comrades in Manila will join uprising upon signal of rockets firing in Manila. Same night, Sampaloc had noisy celebration including fireworks display. Mistaken as signal by Cavite mutineers started killing Spanish soldiers. January 18, 1872 - found that Lamadrid died in fighting. Manila did not pursue the uprising.
• Mutiny was believed to be part of a plan to separate Philippines from Spain and the leaders are the leaders of the secularization movement.
• Spanish authorities arrested Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, Jacinto Zamora, Charge: advocating revolution for independence of the Philippines from Spain
• 3 priests weaknesses: they gamble, Father Zamora wrote on a piece of paper: "bring powder and shot for a meeting tonight" and fell into the hands of the Spaniards, Father Pelaez escaped inclusion in the charges because he has been killed in 1863 earthquake and demolished the Manila Cathedral. The friars celebrated because it was God's punishment for those who challenge the Spaniards.
• Francisco Zaldua - false trial witness testified against the accused
• Fathers Gomez, Burgos, Zamora were found guilty of treason and rebellion and were sentenced to death by Garrote in Bagumbayan Field. February 21, 1872
• Francisco Zaldua - executed first being the false witness who thought he will be pardoned.
• Father Gomez - executed 1st among the 3 priests who said " I am going to where the leaves of the trees will not move without the will of God" "That's alright son, do your duty"
• Father Zamora - he did not know what is happening because he was already insane at that time. His innocent note led to his and his colleagues execution.
• Father Burgos - last executed who was crying and said " but I am innocent" and the priest beside him replied " and so was Christ"
• Rafael Izquerdo


  Led the execution of GomBurza
• Eulogio despujol


  made sure that Rizal cant leave the Philippines after 1892, deported him in dapitan\
• Camilo de Polavieja


  signed Rizal's death warrant