HTHS 1111 final review

• Blood flow


  1. Right atrium

  2. Tricuspid valve

  3. Right ventricle
• Blood flow


  1. Superior and inferior vena cava

  2. Coronary sinus

  3. Right atrium
• Valvular stenosis


  Valves that are too stiff
• Mitral valve prolapse


  Two flaps of the valve do not close smoothly or evenly
• Tricuspid valve


  Right atrioventricular valve
• Bicuspid/mitral valve


  Left atrioventricular valve
• Semilunar valves


  Between the ventricles and the pulmonary trunk and aorta
• Tricuspid and mitral valves

  Between the atria and ventricles
• Pericardial cavity


  Contains serous fluid
• Aortic semilunar valve is open


  Pulmonary semilunar valve is also open
• Brachiocephalic artery, left common carotid artery, and left subclavian artery


  Arise as branches of the aortic arch
• Artery connecting the aortic arch to the abdominal aorta

  Thoracic aorta
• S2 sound of the heart (dupp)


  Corresponds to atrioventricular valves opening and semilunar valves closing
• Heart rate increases to 100 beats per minute, 120 ml of blood ejected per beat


  Cardiac output of 12L per minute
• Vessels with thick tunica media

  Muscular or distributing arteries, provide vascular tone to ensure blood flow reaches distal tissues
• Precapillary sphincters


  Smooth muscle collars that regulate flow through the capillaries
• Substances causing vasoconstriction


  • Norepinephrine
  • Epinephrine
  • ADH
  • Angiotensin II
• Substances causing vasodilation
• Blood vessel diameter


  Most directly affects resistance
• Viscosity of blood increases

  Resistance increases, blood flow slows
• Cardiac output increases


  Generally causes hypertension
• Alpha adrenergic receptors


  Increase blood pressure through vasoconstriction
• Beta adrenergic receptors


  Decrease blood pressure through vasodilation
• Role of placenta in fetal circulation

  Exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and fetal waste
• Movement of blood through foramen ovale

  Oxygenated blood moves through the right atrium to the left atrium
• Obesity does not increase blood viscosity
• Processes carried out by the respiratory system

  • Pulmonary ventilation
  • Exchange of gases between blood and tissue
  • Transport of respiratory gases to the tissues
• External respiration


  Exchange of gases at the alveoli of the lungs
• Internal respiration

  Exchange of gases between the blood and tissue
• Pulmonary ventilation


  Moving air into and out of the lungs
• Phrenic nerve


  Originates at spinal cord levels C3, C4 and C5
• Alveoli


  Increase surface area for exchange of gases
• Conchae of paranasal sinuses

  Warm and humidify air
• Trachea


  Tube that conducts air between the larynx and bronchi
• Larynx


  Produces sound (phonation)
• Larynx


  Divides/bridges the upper from lower respiratory tract
• Structures of the respiratory system

  • Alveolus
  • Oropharynx
  • Nasal Cavity
  • Oral Cavity
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Lungs
  • Alveoli
• Divisions of the respiratory tract

  • Upper respiratory tract
  • Lower respiratory tract
• Structures of the respiratory system in order

  1. Bronchi

  2. Terminal bronchioles

  3. Respiratory bronchioles

  4. Alveoli
• Processes carried out by the respiratory system include exchange of gases at the alveoli