Throat

• the mouth and the throat make up the 1st part of

  digestive system and are responsible for ingestion,

  taste, preparing food for digestion, and aiding in

  speech.
• the nose and the paranasal sinuses constitute the

  1st part of the respiratory system and are

  responsible for receiving, filtering, warming, and

  moistening the air to be transported to the lungs.
• Structure of Mouth

  • Formed by the lips, cheeks, hard and

  soft palates, uvula, and the tongue and

  its muscles
• Oral cavity contains tongue, teeth,

  gums, and the openings of the salivary

  glands (parotid, submandibular, and

  sublingual).
• The tongue is a mass of muscle,

  attached to the hyoid bone and styloid

  process of the temporal bone.

  • It is connected to the floor of the

  mouth by a fold of tissue called the

  frenulum.
• The tongue assists with moving

  food, swallowing, and speaking.
• The gums (gingiva) are covered by

  mucous membrane and normally hold 32

  permanent teeth in the adult.
• The top, visible, white enameled part of

  each tooth is the crown.
• The portion of the tooth that is embedded

  in the gums is the root.
• The crown and root are connected by the

  region of the tooth referred to as the neck.
• Small bumps called papillae cover the dorsal

  surface of the tongue.
• Uvula - An extension of the soft palate.
• Mandible - provides the structural support for the floor of the mouth
• Taste buds, scattered over the tongue’s

  surface, carry sensory impulses to the brain.
• Saliva helps break down food and lubricates

  it. Amylase digests carbohydrates.
• The submandibular glands, located in the

  lower jaw, open under the tongue on either

  side of the frenulum through openings

  called Wharton ducts.
• The sublingual glands, located under the

  tongue, open through several ducts located

  on the floor of the mouth.
• Throat - Located behind the mouth and nose,

  serves as a muscular passage for food

  and air
• 3 parts of the throat - Nasopharynx, oropharynx, and

  laryngopharynx
• Palatine tonsils - Masses of lymphoid tissue that is located on the both side of oropharynx at the end of the soft palate between the anterior and posterior pillars.
• Lingual tonsils - lie at the base of the tongue
• Pharyngeal - also known as adenoids are found high in the nasopharynx
• Tonsils - masses of lymphoid tissue that helps protects against infection
• External nose - a bridge, tip, and two

  oval openings called nares
• Internal nose - nasal cavity, nasal

  septum, Kiesselbach’s area, superior,

  middle, and inferior turbinates
• nasal septum - separates the cavity into two halves
• kiesselbach’s area - front of the nasal septum

  contains a rich supply of blood vessels.
• Sinuses - air filled cavities decrease the weight

  of the skull and act as resonance chambers during speech
• Four pairs - frontal, maxillary,

  ethmoidal, and sphenoidal located in

  the skull
• Acute sinusitis - refers to symptoms that last <4

  weeks, often begin with a common cold, and usually go away

  within 10 days.
• Chronic sinusitis - usually

  lasts >12 weeks despite medical treatment.