FROM PAU

• Early years of radio broadcasting

  • Smoke signals
  • Pony Express
• Broadcasting started with


  • Discovery of electricity (1752)
  • Magnetism
  • Invention of the telegraph (1835)
  • Electromagnetic theory (1865)
  • Development of the telephone (1875)
  • Electricity
  • Wireless telegraph (early 1890s)
  • Electron
  • Electron tube
• Benjamin Franklin proved that lightning was a form of electricity


  1752
• Samuel F.B. Morse invented the electromagnetic telegraph


  1835
• James Clerk Maxwell discovered the electromagnetic waves (radio waves)

  1865
• Alexander Graham Bell accidentally discovered the telephone concept


  1875
• Guglielmo Marconi successfully demonstrated sending and receiving radio signals

  1895
• Electron


  Thomas Alva Edison observed the emission of electron from a heated surface as a tube's cathode
• Electron tube


  Sir J.J. Thomson discovered the electron tube (1890s)
• Father of Radio


  Lee de Forest improved the electron tube; weak signals were amplified with precise modulation
• Reginald Fessenden broadcast from Brant Rock, Massachusetts to radio operators of ships in the Atlantic Ocean

  December 24, 1906
• The sinking of the Titanic (April 1912) led to the importance of wireless telegraph being realized more, as only one radio operator heard distress calls by chance, leading to worldwide adoption of stringent laws governing shipboard wireless stations
• US radio, then government-controlled, went back to the private sector

  November 1912
• Radio Corporation of America (RCA) was founded


  1919
• Birth of the radio industry (The 1920s)

  • Scientists sought the precursor of broadcasting—radiotelephony
  • Station 8YK turned KDKA in Pittsburgh, the first radio station to provide the general public with continuing programming
  • KDKA's maiden broadcast on election returns of the Harding-Cox presidential race
  • KDKA also broadcast sports events like the championship fight between Jack Dempsey and George Carpenter
  • First broadcast license granted by the Department of Commerce to Westinghouse station WBZ in Spring, Massachusetts
  • Radio programs were mostly for entertainment like comedy shows, musical fare, and news
• Birth of the radio industry (The 1930-1940)

  • Rise of international programming, and business of radio
  • Other program types (e.g., soap operas, mysteries, adventure, crime) increased
  • Edwin Armstrong discovered the wide-band frequency modulation (FM) and the feedback circuit for receiving and amplifying radio signals
  • First use of FM broadcast was agricultural, the sowing of seeds
  • Radio ownership grew from 40% in the 1930s to 80% by the 1940s
  • Radio in the US practically reached every ear while being improved
  • President Roosevelt created the Voice of America to mobilize an external broadcasting service
  • Radio had become the most powerful medium of communication in the US by 1948
• History of radio broadcasting in the Philippines

  • 1890 - Philippine's first telephone system
  • 1899 - Telegraph and telephone systems for the military (Philippines)
  • 1922 - Radio broadcasting was introduced in the Philippines
  • 1942 - KZRH-PIAM (Philippine Islands Amplitude Mode)
  • 1945 - KZFM (War Information Office), radio stations increased from 8 to 22
  • 1947 - Luzon station - DZ, Visayas station - DY, Mindanao station - DX
  • 1953 - Philippine's first commercial TV station
  • 1964 - DZLB went on air, the first and oldest rural educational non-commercial broadcasting entity in Philippines
• Radio broadcasting during Martial Law

  • Commercially-driven
  • Escapist in nature
  • Served political parties
  • Lacked trained manpower
  • Poor program quality
  • Lack of professionalism
• Radio broadcasting after the EDSA Revolution in 1986

  • Commercialized
  • Exam for accreditation programming
  • Can't operate without permit
  • Community-based programs
  • Public service programs
• As of the year 2000, there were 350 local broadcasting stations in the Philippines, 90% of which were privately owned
• National Radio Networks in the Philippines

  • Bombo Radyo Philippines
  • Consolidated Broadcasting Systems
  • Far Eastern Broadcasting Company
  • New Sounds Broadcasting Services
  • GMA Network, Inc.
  • ABS-CBN
• Radio broadcasting organizations in the Philippines

  • KBP (Kapisanan ng mga Brodkaster sa Pilipinas)
  • Tambuli Community Radio - an organization of community stations
• Early developments in television

  • Pantelegraph (1862) - Giovanni Caselli's system of sending and receiving images over long distances by telegraph
  • Experiment with selenium and light (1873) - Willoughby Smith and Joseph May's discovery that more electricity flows through selenium in light than in the dark
  • Voice transmission (1876) - Alexander Bell
  • Nipkow Disk (1884) - Paul Nipkow's scanning device that broke up images into elements that could be transmitted as electrical impulses
  • First motion picture system using film and camera (1889) - William Kennedy Laurie Dickson's The Kinetograph
  • First motion picture film for projection (1896) - Eastman Kodak Company
  • First cathode ray tube (1896) - Karl Ferdinand Braun's cathode ray tube scanning device
  • First use of the word 'television' (1900) - Constantin Perskyi at the First International Congress of Electricity at the World's Fair in Paris
  • TV system with a cathode ray tube as receiver (1907) - Alan Swinton's proposal
  • Iconoscope and Kinescope (1923) - Vladimir Zworykin's crude TV system and camera tube
  • First silhouette pictures (1925) - Charles Jenkins' transmission of moving silhouette images and sounds
  • First public demonstration of mechanical TV (1926) - Scotsman John Logie Bard
  • Sound and colored TV (1928)
  • Electronic scanning system for home TV viewing (1930) - Philo Farnsworth's all-electronic television image
  • Start of regular TV broadcasts (1939) - RCA introduced TV sets at the 1939 Worlds Fair and NBC began regularly scheduled TV broadcasting
  • Refined color TV system (1940) - Peter Goldmark's demonstration of live color pickup
  • Cable TV begins in the US (1948) - to enhance poor reception of over-the-air television signals
  • Colored TV broadcasting (1958) - 350,000 colored TV sets in the US, mostly manufactured by RCA
• History of TV in the Philippines

  • 1950 - UST's demo of a home-made receiving set
  • 1952 - Feati University's experimental TV station
  • 1953 - First official four-hour show over DZAQ-TV Channel 3
  • 1957 - ABS-CBN became first radio-TV network
  • 1969 - First TV live coverage of Apollo 11
• Common characteristics of radio and TV

  • Universality - readily available throughout the country
  • Popularity - enjoyed by many on a regular basis
  • Diversity - offer a wide range of program content
  • Immediacy - present live broadcasts of news, sports and other special events
  • Use of Sound - establish rapport, credibility and interest with the audience
  • Impermanence - impermanent, perishable images and sounds in the audience's mind
  • Reusability - can be recorded, edited and duplicated for multiple playbacks
• Capabilities of radio


  • Can reach a number of people at one time
  • Can transmit message immediately
  • Transcends literacy and inadequate schooling
  • More intimate and personalized than print
  • Has emotional impact
  • A companion medium
  • Relatively inexpensive
  • Can still be functional even without electricity
• Limitations of radio


  • Lacks personal contact compared with face-to-face communication
  • Does not allow immediate feedback
  • Inexorable - if a listener misses a point, they are likely to miss the essence
  • Divided attention as a companion medium
  • Difficult to make complex actions or processes clear
  • Ability to reach a greater number of people adds difficulty in conveying messages effectively
  • Not suitable for reaching young children due to current programming
• Capabilities of TV

  • Visual component - permits instantaneous transmission of sight, sound, motion and color
  • Great potentials for education
  • Brings to the viewers people, places and events they could not see otherwise
  • Broadcast programs can be enjoyed by many people at the same time
  • Ideal for presenting complex concepts or processes
• Limitations of TV

  • Inexorable - impossible to ask the TV performer to repeat
  • Higher production costs than other media
  • More time-consuming than radio and print production
  • Electricity-dependent
• Though the technical aspects of broadcasting are the primary responsibility of technicians or the engineering department, broadcasters have it to their advantage to have a working knowledge of the functions and limitations of broadcasting equipment and facilities
• Microphone

  A device that transforms acoustic energy (sound) into electrical signals that can be transmitted, amplified and reconverted
• Broadcast programs

  • Can be enjoyed by many people at the same time
  • Ideal for presenting complex concepts or processes
• Limitations of TV
• Inexorable

  Impossible to ask the TV performer to repeat what has been said
• Higher production costs than other media

  Cost of production is offset by the big amount of advertisement
• Electricity-dependent

  Radio can still be used by using batteries
• Though the technical aspects of broadcasting are the primary responsibility of the technicians or the engineering department, broadcasters have it to their advantage, a working knowledge of the functions and limitations of these equipments and facilities
• Microphone

  • A device that transforms acoustic energy (sound) into electrical signals
  • The electrical signals can be transmitted, amplified and reconverted back into sound
  • Pick up the announcer's or broadcaster's voice
• CD Players

  • Play compact discs (CD)
  • The information on the CD is read by a laser beam contained in the CD player
  • Turntable – counterpart of CD
  • Cartridge
• Recorders

  • To record voice and sound
  • They are needed for the original recording of the production material