health emotional development

• Self-Concept


  A Sense of Identity, an awareness of being an individual, formed in early, a unique person and different from everyone else
• Self-image


  The way an individual sees themselves, their Mental Image of Themselves
• Self-esteem


  How a person feels about themselves, self-worth or pride
• attachment


  a two way emotional bond where people depend on eachother for sense of security.
• Bowlby 1958 


  believed that mental health and behaviourial problems could be attributed to early childhood.
• bowlby 1958 


  children come into the world biologically preprogrammed to form attachments with others to help them survive.
• lorenz's 1935 


  study of imprinting showed that attachment was imnate by using young ducklings for his experiment. there for this helps to prove bowlby's theory as there is a higher survival rate
• bowlby 1958

  he broke attactment down into five different parts.

  adaptive

  social releasers

  crictcal periods

  monotropy

  internal working model
• adaptive

  • attachments are adaptive
  • they give our species adaptive advantage, making us more likely to survive because if a infant forms an attachment to a caregiver they are then kept safe, given food and kept warm.
• social releaser's

  babies have social releasers which unlock the innate tendency of adults to care for them. these realsers are both physical( faces made) and behaviourial( crying,smiling)
• critical period 


  this is the period that babies must form attachments in order to not be damaged for the rest of their life's when forming attachments. this is between birth and 2 1/2 years old.
• monotropy


  infants form one very special attachment with their mother. this is often an special intense attachment. the infant could bond with someone else if they can not form a bound with the mother.
• internal working model


  a special model for relationships, all childs future adult relationships will be based upon the relationship with the mother.
• Harlows Monkey Experiments 1963


  Experiments conducted by Harry Harlow to study attachment in baby monkeys
• Experiment 1

  1. Baby monkey had to choose between nursing monkey and cloth monkey

  2. Monkey spent 17 hours with cloth monkey, which provided comfort

  3. Monkey spent 1 hour a day with nursing monkey
• Experiment 2

  1. Monkey was exposed to a scary robot

  2. Monkey went to cloth mother to seek comfort
• Experiment 3

  1. Monkey was put in a room filled with objects

  2. Monkey was tense at first

  3. Monkey found comfort in a piece of cloth similar to cloth monkey

  4. Wire monkey was introduced but did not help the baby monkey

  5. When cloth mother was introduced, the baby monkey ran straight to it to seek comfort
• The baby monkey immediately relaxed when the cloth mother was introduced
• Ainsworth's Strange Situation (1970)


  1. Child and mother play together

  2. Strange adult enters

  3. Mother leaves the room

  4. Mother returns and the stranger leaves

  5. Mother leaves the child alone

  6. Strange returns

  7. Second reunion
• Secure attachment (Type B)


  Happy to explore and to be left with a stranger
• Secure attachment is the most common type, 60-75% of population
• Insecure-avoidant attachment (Type A)


  Babies go to explore but do not make trips back to their caregiver
• Insecure-avoidant attachment is 20-25% of population
• Insecure-resistant attachment (Type C)


  Babies seek greater proximity than others and so explore less
• Insecure-resistant attachment is around 3% of British babies
• Insecure-resistant babies show high levels of stranger and separation distress but they resist comfort when reunited with their caregiver
• Ruldolph schaffer and peggy emerso conducted a longitudinal study of 60 glasgow baby infnats from working class homes. they were studied in there own home. there were interviews,observations and diarys were kept of the infants behaviour.
• stage one

  • a social stage
  • birth-6 weeks
  • a social of pre-attachment stage. baby does not recognise individual people and reacts to objects and people in much the same way.
• stage two

  • indiscriminate attachment
  • 6weeks- 7months
  • the baby now shows a clear preference for people and smiles at people.
• stage three

  • 7 -9 months
  • specfic attachment
  • shows a clear preference for attachment figure. shows fear of strangers and separation anxiety
• stage four

  • multiple attachment
  • 10 months+
  • children begin to attach to others. 18 months the majority of infants have formed attachments.
• deprivation


  being deprieved of a caregiver to who an attachment already exists
• privation


  being deprived of the opportunity to form attachment
• Research has shown that the relationship with the father may be different but just as important
• Lamb (1983) found that fathers are often preferred as playmates
• Privation


  When children have poor quality attachment caused by a lack of social or intellectual stimulation
• Relationships with siblings are long-lasting and often very important in our lives
• Bee (1995) noted that there are different styles of sibling relationships: the buddy where siblings are best friends; and the caregiver where one sibling is almost like a little parent to another
• Children still need to be kept safe from modern-day equivalents of predators
• We can see later, when looking at the effects of privation, that children can make attachments later in childhood rather than in the first 12 months