circulatory and respiration

• Respiration


  The process by which cells convert nutrients into usable energy, with oxygen as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain
• Respiratory System


  The body system responsible for getting oxygen into the body and removing carbon dioxide out of the body
• Breathing


  The physical action of taking in oxygen into and releasing the waste carbon dioxide out of the lungs
• Respiration


  The overall process by which the body gets oxygen and gets rid of carbon dioxide
• Types of gas exchange in animals

  • Integumentary exchange
  • Gills
  • Tracheal System
  • Lungs
• Integumentary exchange

  • Small, thin-bodied animals, such as flatworms, rely on diffusion across their body surfaces for gas exchange
• Gills

  • Specialized respiratory organs found in many aquatic animals, composed of thin, filamentous structures that provide a large surface area for gas exchange
• Tracheal System


  • The respiratory system observed in insects and some other arthropods, consisting of a network of tiny tubes called tracheae that extend throughout the body
• Lungs


  • The primary respiratory organs in terrestrial vertebrates, consisting of highly branched networks of tubules or sacs called alveoli, which provide a large surface area for gas exchange
• The air you breathe out of the single sneeze shoots out droplets of particle –laden fluid at more than 161km/hr, as fast as a powerful hurricane!
• In less than a second, most of the water evaporates; the tiny packets of viruses and bacteria can float in the air for weeks
• Parts of the human respiratory system

  • Nose and Nasal Cavity
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi and Bronchioles
  • Alveoli
  • Lungs
  • Diaphragm
• Nose and Nasal Cavity

  The process of respiration begins with the inhalation of air through the nostrils, which filter, warm, and moisten the incoming air
• Pharynx


  A muscular tube that serves as a common pathway for both air and food, connecting the nasal cavity and mouth to the trachea and esophagus
• Larynx


  Also known as the voice box, it contains the vocal cords and the epiglottis, a flap-like structure that prevents food from entering the respiratory tract
• Trachea


  Also called the windpipe, it is a rigid tube composed of cartilage rings that extends from the larynx and branches into two smaller tubes called bronchi
• Bronchi and Bronchioles


  The bronchi further divide into smaller branches called bronchioles, which progressively get narrower and lead to the alveoli
• Alveoli


  Small, grape-like sacs located at the ends of the bronchioles within the lungs, where gas exchange occurs
• Lungs


  A pair of spongy, cone-shaped organs located within the chest cavity, enclosed by the pleura and protected by the ribcage
• Diaphragm


  A dome-shaped muscle located at the base of the chest cavity, which plays a crucial role in respiration by contracting and relaxing to cause changes in the volume and pressure of the thoracic cavity
• Mechanics of Breathing


  1. Inhalation (Inspiration): Diaphragm contracts, external intercostal muscles contract, thoracic cavity expands, lung volume increases, air enters lungs

  2. Exhalation (Expiration): Respiratory muscles relax, elastic recoil of lungs, pressure in lungs increases, air exits lungs
• Gaseous exchange in green plants primarily involves the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO2) for photosynthesis and the release of oxygen (O2) as a byproduct
• Stomata


  Tiny pores or openings found primarily on the underside of leaves, surrounded by guard cells that can open or close the stomatal pore
• In addition to stomata, gaseous exchange can also occur through lenticels, which are small openings on the surface of woody stems and roots
• Gaseous exchange in green plants involves the intake of carbon dioxide for photosynthesis and the release of oxygen as a byproduct, occurring through stomata and, in some cases, lenticels
• Xylem


  The transport system responsible for the upward transport of water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant, composed of tracheids and vessel elements
• Phloem


  The transport system responsible for the bidirectional transport of organic substances, such as sugars and amino acids, throughout the plant, composed of sieve tube elements and companion cells
• Movement of water and minerals through the xylem

  Transpiration, Cohesion and Adhesion, Capillary Action
• Both the xylem and phloem work together to provide a continuous transport system in plants, with the xylem primarily transporting water and minerals upwards and the phloem transporting organic substances bidirectionally
• Animals have specialized transport systems
• Capillary action


  The ability of water to rise in narrow tubes against the force of gravity, assisting in the movement of water through the narrow tracheids and vessel elements of the xylem
• Phloem

  Responsible for the bidirectional transport of organic substances, such as sugars and amino acids, throughout the plant. It is composed of sieve tube elements and companion cells.
• Xylem and phloem


  Work together to provide a continuous transport system in plants, with xylem primarily transporting water and minerals upwards, and phloem transporting organic substances bidirectionally
• Transport in animals


  • Animals have specialized transport systems that enable the movement of substances, such as oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products, throughout their bodies
• Circulatory system


  The main transport system in animals, consisting of the heart, blood vessels, and blood, which plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis, delivering essential substances to cells, and removing metabolic waste
• Systemic circulation


  Circulation of blood between the heart and the body's tissues and organs, delivering oxygenated blood to the body's cells and collecting deoxygenated blood carrying waste products
• Pulmonary circulation


  Circulation of blood between the heart and the lungs, responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
• Portal circulation


  Specialized type of circulation involving the liver, carrying blood from one set of capillaries to another set of capillaries before returning to the heart
• Types of circulation


  • Systemic circulation
  • Pulmonary circulation
  • Portal circulation
• Chambers of the heart

  • Right atrium
  • Right ventricle
  • Left atrium
  • Left ventricle