Psych Stats (Midterm)

• Statistics


  A branch of mathematics that deals with the organization, summarization, analysis, and interpretation of group of numbers
• Population


  The set of all the individuals of interest in a particular study
• Parameter


  A value (usually a numerical value) that describes a population. We can get this when conducting CENSUS survey
• CENSUS


  A particular procedure of the PSA to gather data from the population (Philippines)
• Sample


  A set of individuals selected from a population, usually intended to represent the population in a research study
• Statistic


  A value (usually numerical value) that describes a sample
• Variable


  A characteristic or condition that changes or has different values for different individuals
• Values


  Possible number or category that a score can have
• Score


  A particular person's value on a variable
• Data


  Measurements or observations; commonly called a score or raw score; it can be called data if you have multiple observations
• Data Set


  A collection of measurements or observations
• Descriptive Statistics


  Statistical procedures used to summarize, organize, and simplify data
• Inferential Statistics


  Techniques that allow us to study samples and then make generalizations about the populations from which they were selected
• Sampling Error


  The naturally occurring discrepancy, or error, that exists between a sample statistic and the corresponding population parameter
• Researcher interested in the effect of amount of sleep on high school students' exam scores

  • Statistic
  • Variable
  • Parameter
  • Sample
• Discrete Variable


  Consists of separate, indivisible categories
• Continuous Variable


  There are an infinite number of possible values that fall between any two observed values
• Dichotomous Variable


  One that takes on one of only two possible values when observed or measured
• Artificial Dichotomous


  Derived from scores
• True Dichotomous


  Naturally occurring
• Level of Measurement


  A classification that describes the nature of information within the values assigned to variables
• Nominal


  Variable with values that are categories; also known as categorical variables
• Ordinal


  Numeric variable in which the values are ranks; also known as rank-order variable
• Interval


  Variable that contains equal-interval between numbers and contain no absolute zero point
• Ratio


  An interval scale with the additional feature of an absolute zero point
• Frequency Distribution


  An organized tabulation of the number of individuals located in each category on the scale of measurement
• Frequency Tables


  Ordered listing of number of individuals having each of the different values for a particular variable
• Proportion


  It measures the fraction of the total group that is associated with each score
• Percentage


  An amount of something, often expressed as a number out of 100
• Group Frequency Table


  Frequency table in which the number of individuals (frequency) is given for each interval (range of values in a grouped frequency table that are grouped together) of values
• Histogram


  Bar-like graph of a frequency distribution in which the values are plotted along the horizontal axis and the height of each bar is the frequency of that value
• Frequency Polygon


  Continuous line that represents the frequencies of scores within a class interval, based on a histogram; used for continuous data
• Column Chart


  A data visualization where each category is represented by a rectangle, with the height of the rectangle being proportional to the values being plotted
• Bar Graph


  Identical to column charts, but this chart, categories are organized vertically on the y-axis, and values are shown horizontally on the x-axis
• Line Graph


  A graph which uses lines to connect to individual data points that display quantitative values over a specified time interval
• Central Tendency


  Typical or most representative value of a group of scores
• Mean


  Arithmetic average of a group of scores; sum of the scores divided by the number of scores; the balance point of a distribution
• Median


  Middle score when all the scores in a distribution are arranged from lowest to highest
• Mode


  Value with the greatest frequency in the distribution
• Unimodal Distribution


  Frequency distribution with one value clearly having a larger frequency than any other