Social influence

• what are the three types of conformity?

  internalisation, identification, compliance
• what is internalisation?

  A person generally agrees with the rest of the group.

  They internalise the beliefs and agree with it internally as well as I would say. The behaviour/ agreement continues in the absence of the group.
• What is identification and compliance?

  A superficial form of conformity. A person outwardly agrees with the group that doesn't actually internally agree. The behaviour doesn't always continue when the group isn't present.

  A person agrees with the ethos of a particular group, often a job. Behaviour doesn't always have to occur when the group isn't present.
• What are the explanations for conformity?

  normative social influence informational social influence
• what is informational social influence?

  A person uses cognitive processes to do what is right. They feel that the group knows what they're doing, so copy them in fear of being wrong. Likely in ambiguous situations or crisis situations.
• What is normative social influence?

  A person uses emotional processes to fit in. Do not want to face rejection.
• There is research support suggesting people conform using informational social influence. Lucas et al gave students, maths, questions, people conformed more when the questions became more difficult. Was higher for those who rated the skills poor. People conform to do what it right when they think the group knows more.

  supportive of explanations of conformity
• There is no consideration for the individual differences in conformity rates. Research state Affiliators have less preoccupation with fitting in and being like so conform less. Teevan found students with a higher need to affiliate conform more. shows theory is too generic

  Unsupportive of explanations
• The two process theory doesn't acknowledge the Interconnectedness of ISI. E.g. in ashes study researchers don't know if people can form less with a dissenter because of social support(NSI) or form an alt source of(ISI) could be both. Is not a comprehensive enough explanation.

  unsupportive of explanation for conformity
• who did a study into conformity?

  Asch
• how many participants were there also what ethnicity and gender?

  123 American men
• how many confederates were there?

  6 to 8
• what did they have to do?

  they were told to compare a line with the line labelled

  X. the confederates went first and gave the wrong answer and naive participant gave answer last.
• what were the findings of his study?

  12/18 trials - the naive participant conformed. participants said the conformed because of fear of rejection. 75% conformed atlest once, 25% didn't conform.
• what were the 3 different variations Asch did?

  group size, unanimity, task difficulty
• what was the group size variation?

  as confederates increased to 3, conformity went up by 32.8%. after this it didn't increase further.
• what was the group size variation?

  as confederates increased to 3, conformity went up by 32.8%. after this it didn't increase further.
• what was the task difficulty variation?

  the lines became more closer to standard line. conformity increased (ISI)
• A child of its time the 1950s were a conformist time in American history. it was a social norm to conform.

  Research is repeated it on the UK engineering students. 1/396 conformed not standard human behaviour lacks temporal validity.

  weakness
• artificial task means it lacks generalisability. Judging the lines bears no consequences. people may have thought they had to for the sake of the experiment, demand characteristics. The variation of the group lacks validity. Fiske state the group was not very groupie, does not represent real life conformity.

  weakness
• Findings lack applicability. Only men were studied Research suggests women might be more conformist due to a greater concern for personal relationships.

  done in a individualist culture. Conformity would be higher in a collectivist culture. The study is androcentric and beta bias.

  weakness
• Who wanted to study conformity to social roles?

  Zimbardo
• what year was the study conducted?

  1971
• Which one of these was the procedure of Zimbardo’s study?

  21 male University students from volunteer sample.

  Were allocated random roles of prisoner or guard; judged, mental stability most normal people were picked. prisoners were arrested outside of their home. And then blindfolded and strip-searched.
• Which one of these is the correct findings for Zimbardo's study?

  The study stops after six days instead of two weeks.

  The guards became brutal. after rebellion, the prisoners became subdued. One prisoner was released on the first date, psychological disturbance/ two more also released.
• The DV wasn't based on the environments only. The reports on the conformity to the role of guards is over exaggerated. Only one third of the guards were brutal. The rest applied the rules fairly and expressed kindness, e.g. offering cigarettes. Despite the situation, people could see between right and wrong people don't conform as regularly as suggested.

  Weakness of the study
• A lack of realism. Prisoners only rebelled because that's what they thought they do. A guard said he was only being brutal because he was copying a movie

  'Cool hand Luke' based on stereotypes, not conformity. Also Zimbardo did qualitative analyse 90% of prisoners conversations was about prison life/ prisoner, 416 " a real person run by psychologists"

  A weakness of the study
• high control over extraneous variables. Random allocation/making sure all participants were mentally stable. Decreased the impact of participant variables.

  Allows cause and affect between the situation and conformity not down to chance.

  The strength of the study
• Who study obedience

  Milgram
• what year was the experiment?

  1961
• which one of these were the procedural of his study?

  40 males were in the study. The participant was always the teacher. Confederate were the learner and experimenter. The machine of shocks had the lowest volts of 15 and the highest volts of 450. hesitant, participants were given prods of;

  Please continue

  The experiment requires that you continue It is essential you continue

  you have no choice, you must go on
• Which one of these are the findings for Milgram study?

  None stopped below 300 volts. 12.5% stopped after this. 65% went to the highest shock level.

  qualitative data - seizures, nailbiting, sweating, and shaking while common reactions of participants

  Participants were given a debrief
• Low internal validity. Researchers state people only obey because they didn't think the shocks were real Perry said in videotapes, participants expressed doubts. Also kings research found 54% male and 100% female deliver a fatal shock to puppy. Milgram said 70% believed it was real meaning his study is accurate

  Mainly a weakness, counterpoint a strength
• Strong research support for Milgram's findings. In a fake French TV pilot programme 80% of participants delivered the fatal 450 V shock to other participants.

  His findings are not a one off chance.

  strength to the study
• Strong research support for Milgram's findings. In a fake French TV pilot programme 80% of participants delivered the fatal 450 V shock to other participants.

  His findings are not a one off chance.

  strength to the study
• What were Milgrams variations for obedience?

  location, uniform, proximity
• which one of these is milgrams variation of location ?

  a run down, office block vs Yale University. in the less prestigious setting from 65% to 47. 5%
• Which one of these is milgram variation of proximity?

  The learner now in same room, 65% to 40%, forcing hand on plate 20.5%
• which one of these is Milgrams variation of uniform?

  lab coat vs casual clothing 65% to 29%
• Strong research support for the role of uniform a symbol of legitimate authority. In influencing obedience. Bickman - considerate, either wall, milkman outfit/suit and tie/security guard. When told to give them a queen people obeyed, the Confederate in the security guard uniform.

  supportive of variations of uniform