.3

• Globalization

  A long-term cyclical process driven by basic human need to make lives better, facilitated by commerce, religion, politics and warfare
• Globalization can be traced back to our ancestors in Africa who walked out from the continent in the late Ice Age, roughly after 50,000 years
• Globalization

  • It is a long-term cyclical process
  • Other global ages have appeared
  • This point of globalization will soon disappear and reappear
• Epochs/waves of globalization

  • Globalization of religion (4th to 7th Centuries)
  • European colonial conquests (Late 15th century)
  • Intra-European wars (Late 18th to early 19th centuries)
  • Heyday of European imperialism (mid-nineteenth century to 1918)
  • Post-World War II period
  • Post-Cold War period
• Roman conquests centuries before Christ were considered as the origin of globalization
• The rampage of the armies of Genghis Khan into Eastern Europe in the 13th century was considered as part of the origin of globalization
• Voyages of discovery - Christopher Columbus' discovery of America in 1942, Vasco de Gama in Cape of Good Hope in 1498, and Ferdinand Magellan's completed circumnavigation of the globe in 1522 were considered as the origin of globalization
• Recent years of technological advances in transportation and communication could also be regarded as the beginnings of globalization, such as the first transatlantic television broadcasts (1962), the founding of the modern Internet in 1988, and the terrorist attacks on the Twin Towers in New York (2001)
• Broader, more recent changes considered as the origin of globalization

  • The emergence of the United States as the global power (post-World War II)
  • The emergence of multinational corporations (MNCs)
  • The demise of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War
• The emergence of the United States as the global power

  Due to its dominant and strong military and economic power after WWII, the US was able to outrun Germany and Japan in terms of industry. Axis powers and Allies fall behind economically as compared to the new global power. Because of this, US soon began to progress in different aspects like in diplomacy, media, film and many more.
• The emergence of multinational corporations (MNCs)

  Corporations before were only came from their countries of origin during the 18th to early 19th centuries. The United States, Germany and Great Britain had in their homeland great corporations. However, the production and market of these corporations did not remain in their home countries especially during the 20th century. An example of this is the Ford and General Motors which is originated in the US but exported more automobiles and opened different factories in other countries during the 20th century.
• The demise of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War

  This fall of the Soviet Union in 1991 led to the opening of the major parts of the world for the first time since the early twentieth century. As a result, many global processes such as immigration, tourism, media, diplomacy and MNCs spread throughout the world paving the way of the so-called "free" world.
• Demographic transition

  A singular historical period which mortality and fertility rates decline from high to low levels in a particular country or region. Outlines of transition are similar in countries around the world but the pace and timing of the transition have varied.
• The demographic transition started in mid-or late 1700s in Europe when death rates and fertility began to decline. High to low fertility happened in 200 years in France and 100 years in the US. On the other hand, transition began later in the other parts of the world.
• A remarkable effect of demographic transition was the enormous gap in life expectancy that emerged between Japan and the West on the one hand and the rest of the world on the other. Differences in times of transition affected the global population.
• During the 19th century, Europe and the West had an increased in share in the world's population from 22.0 percent to 33.0 percent, while Asia and Oceania's contribution dropped from 69 percent to 56.7. India and China suffered from economic stagnation and decline during that time.
• During the 20th century, there was a reverse in global population shares as Africa, Asia, Latin America and Oceania had high levels of population growth rates.
• Dependency ratios in Japan and other developing countries started to disappear because there is a decline in global birth rate. Furthermore, the gap in fertility between the West and the less developed countries became smaller by the 21st century. Over the next 50 years, the cases of dependency ratios of these two areas in the world will be reversed.
• Vagabonds

  Migrants who are on the move because they have to be, not doing well in their home countries and therefore being forced to move in other countries hoping that their circumstances will improve
• Tourists

  Migrants who are on the move because they want to be and because they can afford it, unlike the vagabonds
• Refugees


  Vagabonds who are forced to flee their home countries due to safety concerns
• Labor migration

  Driven by push factors (lack of employment opportunities in home countries) and pull factors (availability of work or job opportunities in other countries), mainly involving the flow of less-skilled and unskilled workers, as well as illegal immigrants
• Labor migration still faces many restrictions as states may seek to control migration because it involves the loss part of the workforce, and an influx of migrants can lead to conflicts with local residents. Threat of terrorism may also affect the desire of a state to restrict population flows.
• The United States faces an influx of illegal immigrants from Mexico and other Central American states, and has constructed a fence on the US-Mexico border to control this flow of people.
• Diaspora

  Migrant communities that are increasingly used to describe, conceptualized as a transnational process involving dialogue to both imagines and real locales. Diasporization and globalization are closely interconnected and the expansion of the latter will lead to an increase in former.