P2

• Boyle's law


  Absolute temperatures is held constant
• Charles' law


  Absolute pressure is held constant
• Modified Charles law or Gray Lussac law


  Volume is held constant
• Dalton's law of partial pressure


  The pressure exerted in a vessel by a mixture of gases
• Avogadro's law


  Equal volume at the same temperature and pressure conditions
• Perfect gas


  Theoretically ideal gas which strictly follows boyle's law and charles law of gases
• Ideal gas


  Must have compressibility factor of one or approaches one
• Ideal gas equation


  PV= mRT or PV= nRT
• Kinds of thermodynamic processes

  • Adiabatic process
  • Isochronic/isometric/isovolumic process
  • Isobaric process
  • Isothermal process
• Adiabatic process


  No heat transfer in and out the system
• Isochronic/isometric/isovolumic process


  No work done or constant volume passes
• Isobaric process


  Constant pressure process
• Isothermal process


  Constant temperature process
• Heat capacity


  Ratio of heat absorbed by a material to the temperature change. Usually expressed as calories per degree
• Specific heat


  The heat capacity in calories per gram
• Molar heat capacity at constant volume

  Constant volume
• Molar heat capacity at constant pressure


  Constant pressure, liquid and solids at 1 atm
• Most Cp are greater than CV
• Monoatomic gases


  Considered as point particles
• Polyatomic gases


  Has more internal degree of freedom
• Statements of the second law of thermodynamics

  • Clausius statement
  • Impossibility of a self acting device to transfer heat from a colder body to a hotter body without an aid of external work
  • Kelvin Planck statement
• Clausius statement


  Based from the natural tendency of heat to flow from high temperature region to flow temperature region
• Kelvin Planck statement


  Base that on the concept of thermal efficiency "a heat engine or similar device cannot be 100% efficient"
• Some energy is always wasted
• Heat engine


  Any device that transfer heat partly into work or mechanical energy
• Working substance


  Quantity of matter inside the engine that undergoes heat conversion
• Hot reservoir


  Represents the heat source
• Cold reservoir


  Represents the cold source
• Qh and qc


  Heat transfer from hot and cold reservoir respectively
• Q is positive


  If heat is transferred to the working substance and vice versa
• Statements of the third law of thermodynamics

  • It is impossible to reach absolute zero
  • The total entropy of a pure substance approaches zero as the absolute thermodynamics temperature approaches zero
• Internal energy (U)


  The energy stored within the body
• Enthalpy (H)


  Heat energy transferred to a substance at a constant pressure process
• Entropy (S)


  Defined as the measure of amount of energy