bio test review

• ribosomes

  makes proteins
• cell membrane

  allow some substances to enter
• lysosome

  suicide sacks
• vacuole

  contains substances

  removes unwanted waste

  maintains internal fluid pressure (turgor)
• golgi body

  package proteins

  secrete mucus
• endoplasmic reticulum

  transports materials

  fluid filled tubes
• cell wall

  made out of cellulose

  provides support for cell
• chloroplast

  makes plants green

  absorbs light energy
• mitosis

  division of nucleus (PMAT)
• interphase

  dna replicates

  cell spends most of its life

  dna in form of chromatin
• prophase

  nuclear membrane starts to disappear

  dna condenses into chromosomes
• metaphase

  chromosomes line in the middle of the cell
• anaphase

  spindle fibers come out from centroids and attach to the centromere of the chromosomes
• telophase

  spindle fibers pull apart chromosomes and pull towards the poles of the cell
• cytokinesis

  cell membrane separates
• cancer

  cells growing and dividing out of control caused by mutation in dna
• malignant

  cancerous

  will spread through out body
• benign

  not cancerous

  wont spread
• metastasis

  when malignant cells go to different area of body and create another tumor
• mutation

  occurs when mitosis goes wrong and messes up the dna
• chemotherapy

  drugs to slow down or stop the growth of cancer cells
• radiation

  rays of radiation targeted at tumor which kills cancer cells dna
• biphotonic

  rays of light targeted at cancer cells messing up their dna
• endoscope

  long fiber cable with camera that goes inside body
• ultrasound

  high frequency sound waves used to view soft tissues
• CT scan

  takes multiple x-rays in different angles
• x-rays

  type of radiation to view internal structures
• MRI

  magnetic radio waves used to produce an image
• cellular differentiation

  when cells start to show differences when the embryo is formed
• stem cell

  animal cell that can differentiate into any cell
• zygote

  single cellular organism that all multi-cellular organisms start as
• regeneration

  the ability to re-grow body parts
• tissue engineering

  finding ways to allow humans to regenerate

  useful for spinal cord injuries
• esophagus

  muscular tube connecting mouth to stomach

  made from smooth muscles that contract without thought
• peristalsis

  a series of contractions
• stomach


  mechanically digests by churning

  chemically digests with digestive enzymes and acids
• small intestine 


  most nutrients absorbed into blood stream

  skinny and 6 meters long
• large intestine

  water from food absorbed into blood stream

  too little absorption causes diarrhea

  too much absorption causes constipation

  thicker in diameter and 1.5 meters long
• liver


  produces bile which helps foods to breakdown
• pancreas 


  produces insulin, regulating blood sugar and adds digestive enzymes