migration

• why did people migrate to medieval England c800-1500?

  vikings(789)- raids(for treasury), england or york had fetile farmland(important trading centres)

  normans - william conquerer right to throne and gets allegiance from godwinson

  jews - willliam 1 invites a group of merchant from rouen in normandy in 1070 as they can money lend so William can earn money(boosts economy)

  low countries - weavers that turn wool into cloth, invited by henry 3rd in 1270 and edward in 1330s

  Migrants from lombardy - banking famillies could find business oppurtunities in England. They could only money lend in 1265
• why did people migrate to early modern England 1500-1700? Huguenots

  • escaping turmoil from catholics(St Bartholamew massacre )
  • Edward VI allowed a french protestant church
  • Charles II offers denizen status (1681)
  • William III stated they woul dbe protected (1689)
• Why did people migrate to early modern england 1500-1700? Jews from Europe

  • 1290 expelled from england
  • 1656 cromwell invited jews back for sympathy and thought jews could be converted
• Why did people migrate to early modern england 1500-1700? India

  • lascars - sailors moved to port cities
  • Aayahs- nannies for families were brought back to England after living in India
• Experience in medieval England? Vikings in York

  • pop increases from 1000 to 15000
  • buildings become better made - timber
  • skilled craftwork took place - glassmakers/jewellery makers/blacksmiths/pottery/textiles
  • expensive trade - furs from russia/ german wine
• Normans had to use extreme forcce to settle in england

  • In 1069 to 1070 the normans slaughtered thousands of men, women abd children
  • there was little surrender apart from in 1068 exeter held out for 18 days
  • saxons got help from danes overseas to seize york but william paid dangeld meanign they could throw saxns out in 1069
• Norman Barons and Knights benefitted from coming to england becuase of the feudal system
• Jews in medieval england

  • maintained identity - lived in jewries(not forced), kosher food
  • anti-semitism - resentment caused by moneylending, only non-christian group, crusades against muslims for being "non-believers" meant people thought jews should be persecuted. in 1189 mobs attacked jews in london killing 30 jews
• In 1290 Edward I ordered al jews to either convert or leave England forever. approx 3000 left.
• Lombardy families like the BArdi and Riccardi families became extremely wealthy by

  • gettin rights to trade in wool
  • charging interest
  • being the only money lenders after jews expelled
  • however Edward III hurt them by not paying back loans as his war with FRance was expensive
• Flemish weavers used their advanced skills and oculd turn english wool into way more than it was worth which most of england lacked as a skill
• Edward III invited Flemish weavers to live and work in london and let them set up their own guild in 1331. they were given royal protection . The peasants revolt in 1381 was when 150 freign weavers were mudered for having special privelleges
• Experience of flemish weavers in sandwich (early modern England)

  • master weavers - high quality
  • luxury broadcloth spun in town
  • prosperity to a town in previous decline
  • two markets a week to sell goods
  • Flemish allowed to work in St peters church
• Experience of flemish weavers in sandwich- positives

  • backing by Elizabeth I
  • Backing from town council as town was in decline
  • strong work ethic impressed them
  • protestand outlook fit in
• Experience of flemish weavers in sandwich- negative

  • resentment among english as they were too successful
  • fear that flemish were taking jobs
  • laws passed that stopped flemsih working outside of cloth industry
  • 1581- flemish could not run shops
  • flemish started to move to canterbury
• walloons in canterbury

  • Created a church , school and busy weavers market in the blackfriars monastery
  • 800 looms spinnning fine cloth and skills by 1600
  • made up 1/3 of pop by 1600
  • developed new trades like silk dyeing, refining sugar, diamond cutting
• Why walloons from canterbury were successful

  • backing from Elizabeth I
  • backing from ton leaders
  • clear economic benefits
  • brought new trades
  • worked closely with city authority
• experinece of migrants in early modern england 1500-1700?

  palatines from germany were unsuccessful. People stopped their charitable support as food prices were high when there was a war with spain. huguenots were much more skilled. 3000 palatnes were deported and were treated different than huguenots.
• experience of jews 1500-1700

  • by 1701 large synagogue was built that could seat 400 men and 160 women
  • In 1644, the gates of hope, a boys school was founded in london for jews
  • jews settled in ports like Hull, liverpool, portsmouth and plymouth. they set up dealers in seaports, shipowners and captains
• 1500-1700 jews were forbidden:

  • to attend uni
  • to work as lawyers
  • to serve in army
• merchant of venice was a shakespearian play that portrayed jews stereotypically
• 1500-1700, 50% of jews were dependant on help to get by on
• Huguenots in soho and spitalfields

  • new large houses were built
  • spitalfields became known as 'weaver town'
  • 20x increase in silk production
  • 9 huguenots churches built in spitalfields
• irish experience in liverpool

  • by 1851 over 20% of liverpool's population irish
  • employment- hard work, low skill, low pay. women mainly employed a maids
  • 80% of Irish men were manual labourers- 'navvies'and 'lumpers'
  • predjudice- trade unions hostile and police hostile
  • housing- poor overcrowded, typhus spread by lice and poor hygiene
  • some irish ran butchers, bakers, tailors, greengrocers
  • catholic churches opened
• Problem faced by africans after war of independance

  • couldnt find work so ended up begging
• in 1786 the 'comittee for the relief of the black poor' was set up to provide food and clothing for beggars until they found work. But later they sent black people back to africa
• Problems faced by Ayah's

  • when they arrived at britain, the travelling ayahs duties ended. a return ticket to india was a part of the deal but some employers forgot
  • many became destitute. in 1855, 50 to 60 ayahs were found liviing in run down lodging houses in londons east end and another 140 were living in a london slum
• german migrants flourished in 1700-1900

  • engineeers and scientists set up small companies that did well like Ludwig Mond who set up Brunner-mond which became the leading alkali manufacturer
  • John Merz co founded Merz and McLellen, that supplied electricity to the north east of england
  • Paul Reuter set up successful news bureau
  • Germans introduced sausage to britain
• most Italians were farmers so had to find other ways of making a living
• many itlalians settled in cerkenwell in london where there were so many the area was known as little italy
• Italian jobs

  • many italians worked as street musicians
  • some italians did hard manual work like laying aspahlt on roads
  • selling ice cream in parlours in most major cities
• Inidna and chinese lascars had a positive experience:

  • many found work in the ports
  • hostels opened to destitute lascars whic provided them with food and clothing
• Jewish experience in the East End in 1880-1900

  • 40% of whitechapels population were recent jewish migrants
  • housing- many lived in cold, damp, overcrowded tenement buildings. common for 8-9 people in just two rooms
  • work- many jews worked in illegal sweatshops- long hours, poor conditions, low pay
  • anti-semitism- trade unions resented jews for sweatshops as they undercutted factories. many jews only spoke yiddish