Respi

• Vital Capacity


  The volume of air that can be expelled (breathed out) from the lungs by a forced expiration, following the greatest possible inspiration
• Vital Capacity is 3500 to 4800 ml
• Tidal Air


  The volume of air that is breathed in or out during normal quiet inspiration or expiration
• Tidal Air is 500 ml
• Inspiratory reserve volume


  The extra volume of air that can be inspired following a normal inspiration
• Inspiratory reserve volume is 1500 to 2000 ml
• Expiratory reserve volume


  The volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs following a normal expiration
• Expiratory reserve volume is 1500 ml
• Residual Volume


  The amount of air that remains in the lungs following a forced expiration, that cannot be expelled
• Residual Volume is 1200 to 1500 ml
• • Functions of the Respiratory System

  1. To supply oxygen to the blood
  2. To get rid of accumulated carbon dioxide
  3. To get rid of some moisture (water)
  4. To get rid of some waste products
• • Some Pathological Conditions

   Atelectasis – collapse of the whole or part of a lung

   Bronchiectasis – the dilatation of the bronchus

   Bronchitis – inflammation of the bronchus

   Tracheobronchitis – inflammation of trachea and bronchi

   Laryngitis – inflammation of the larynx

   Pneumonitis – inflammation of the lung

   Bronchopneumonia – inflammation of part of a lobe or segment.

   Lobar pneumonia – inflammation of one or more lobes by a specific microogranism
• Pathological Conditions

   Virus – pneumonia – inflammation due to virus  Pleurisy – inflammation of the pleura  Pleural effusion – fluid in the pleural cavity  Empyema – pus in the pleural cavity  Hemothorax – blood in the pleural cavity  Pneumothorax – air in the pleural cavity  Encapsulated epmyema or effusion – fluid walled off in a part of the pleural cavity.
• Some Operative Procedures

   Tracheotomy – an opening is made into the trachea

   Lobectomy – one of the pulmonary lobes is removed

   Pneumonectomy – an entire lung is removed.

   Segmental resection – a lung segment is removed.

   Thoracoplasty – the ribs are cut through in several places

   Thoracocentesis – insertion of a hollow needle
• • Anomalies of the Respiratory System

   Agenesis = no lung, lung has not formed  Hypoplasis = underdevelopment  Cysts = hollow cavities filled with fluid  Broncheoesophageal fistula = bronchus or trachea communicates with the esophagus.
•  Larynx – organ of voice or voice box, is a triangular boxlike structure that lies in the anterior part of the neck.

  Parts: o Thyroid cartilage – composed of 2 flat plates o Cricoid cartilage – is shaped like a signet ring. o Vocal folds – are paired folds o Glottis –slitlike opening between the vocal folds.
•  Trachea – or windpipe, is a hollow tube 11 cm or about 4.5 inches in length extending from the larynx above to bronchi below. Consists of 16 to 20 incomplete ring.

   The Bronchi – are hollow branched tubes continuous above with the trachea.
• • Bronchioles – division of the smallest bronchi.
  • Respiratory bronchioles – smallest bronchioles that leads into the air sacs of the lungs.
•  Nasal cavities – 2 chambers of the nose.  The Pharynx or throat – lies posterior to the nasal cavities,

  mouth, and larynx.

   Nasal pharynx or nasopharynx

  o Soft palate – projects posteriorly from the

  hard palate.

  o Auditory tube – canal between the nasal

  pharynx and middle ear

  o Adenoids – located on the posterior wall

  of the nasal pharynx.

  o Epiglottis – is a flat leaflike plate of cartilage

  o Tonsils – masses of lymphoid tissu
• The Bronchi – are hollow branched tubes continuous above with the trachea. o Main bronchi  Carina – is a ridge of cartilage between the openings from the trachea into right and left main bronchus
• Surfaces

   Costal surface – of the lung is that surface that lies adjacent to the ribs and cartilages.  Diaphragmatic surface – is the part in contact with the diaphragm  Mediastinal surface