GEO. P1

• Global Hazards

  Nepal earthquake- caused by convection currents moving Indian and Eurasian plates together

  • Impacts- 7.8 magnitude kills 8635, avalanche on mount Everest

  kills 17, 547 landslides triggered

  • Responses- people now educated to deal with future quakes, Flash Appeal raises £3.7 million to help people, Tent city built in Kathmandu - temporary homes
• Global Hazards (weather) (non UK)

  Typhoon Haiyan- 30'C pacific ocean, calm winds

  • Impacts- 6300 died, 1.1 million houses destroyed, $2.86 billion in

  damage, 90% Tacloban destroyed by vicious storm surge

  • Responses- 750,000 people evacuated by weather forecast agency, Shelterbox charity supplied water and purifying tablets, UN raises $120 million
• Global Hazards (weather) (UK)

  2012 drought- 53% less rain average, April became 5'C higher

  • Impacts- potato/wheat harvests drop by 25%, hosepipe bans in 20

  million homes, wildfires in south wales

  • Responses- £1000 fine for using hose, UK ad campaign seen by
  • 20% - 6 litres of water wasted on brushing teeth, Anglian water asks customers to use 20 litres less per day
• Geology influences on river basin

  River Tees

  • High Force waterfall is influenced by erosion processes like

  hydraulic action - water flows into cracks in rocks crashing into air, causing mini explosions - and abrasion - rocks grinding against river banks, being eroded by sandpaper like action

  • The hard rock, dolerite, is more resistant to erosion processes.

  Dolerite is positioned above the softer rock, limestone, which erodes easier

  • when limestone is eroded, dolerite is left on an overhang
  • dolerite will collapse into the plunge pool - splash back may also erode the limestone
• Geology influences

  Holderness coast- distinctive landscape

  • geology- chalk is the harder rock at Flamborough, clay is softer
  • coast is eroded by- hydraulic action- water flows into cracks in rocks, crashing into air causing mini explosions, abrasion- rocks grind against river bank in sandpaper like action
  • key landforms- headland, (chalk) caves, arches, stacks, Hornsea beach, Spurn head spit formed by longshore drift
  • Human activity- rock armour sent from Norway protects Golden sands caravan park, sea wall built at Mappleton, groynes at hornsea to prevent longshore drift
• Sustaining ecosystems (rain forests)

  Cristalino lodge, Amazon

  • locals employed as guides- they know the area better making the

  tourists feel safer and likelier to share a positive experience

  • small numbers of rooms (18)- meaning damage to environment is

  minimised, less destruction to habitats

  • 2.3 Mw of solar power- no emissions, but may seem pointless

  because tourists flying to area in planes leaves larger carbon footprint

  • activities harmless to environment- walking, bird watching, learning
• Sustaining ecosystems (polar areas) (small scale)

  Union Glacier, Antarctica

  • people stay November to March (when it's most sunny) making

  the use of solar power as heating more efficient, solar power has no emissions and won't contribute to global warming

  • 70 people stay in clam tents causing minimal damage to land,

  smaller groups of people are more manageable

  • Activities harmless to the area- hiking, climbing, skiing
  • Noise pollution from planes scare the animals, disrupting wildlife
  • organisers are members of IAATO
• Sustaining ecosystems (polar areas) (large scale)

  Antarctic Treaty, Antarctica

  • 12 countries signed (1960), now at 53 - more countries recognise

  the importance of protecting the Antarctic

  • Bans military/nuclear weapons use - keeps wildlife calm, safe
  • Doesn't apply to oceans
  • Must accept any country wishing to sign which shows that there

  are still many countries uninterested in helping Antarctica

  • expires in 2040 - it isn't a permanent solution
• Planning - we made sure the site was safe and accessible

  Hypothesis - does the sites change from source to mouth

  Data collection tech - velocity (dog biscuit, stopwatch, metre ruler), width (tape measure tightly bank to bank), depth (metre ruler from bank to bank)

  Data processing - bedload data onto a spreadsheet to make graphing/comparing ez, photos put in file to see parts of river easier

  Data presentation - field sketch to highlight human activity, stacked bar chart for bedload

  Conclusion - river got wider + deeper, bedload didn't change enough
• Evaluation - measuring depth and velocity downstream was limited as sites were inaccessible data=ranged, dif opinions on bedload shape should've agreed as group, bedload too heavy so bias for smaller