lesson 2

• Ma-Yi or Ma-i


  Land of gold
• Ma-i


  Chinese name of present day Mindoro
• Ma-i was not an island but all the south of south sea islands groups and manila itself
• Ma-i first documented in the Song Dynasty documents known as the History of Song


  971 AD
• Ma-i mentioned in the records of Sultanate of Brunei

  10th century
• Liusung


  Name given by the Chinese to the present day island of Luzon, originated from the Tagalog word lusong, a wooden mortar that is used to pound rice
• Luçonia, Luzonia


  Names used by the Spanish for the island of Luzon during the early 17th century
• Las Islas De San Lazaro (Saint Lazarus' Islands)

  Named by Ferdinand de Magallanes (Magellan) in 1521 when he reached the islands of Homonhon in Samar on the feast day of Saint Lazarus of Bethany
• Magellan Expedition


  Also known as the Magellan-Elcano expedition, resulted in the first recorded circumnavigation of the earth in 1522, considered one of the most important events in history
• Rajah Humabon, Rajah of Cebu, was among the first indigenous converted to Catholicism after he, his wives, and his subjects were baptized by the expedition's priest
• Rajah Humabon was christened Carlos in honor of King Charles I of Spain, his chief consort Hara Himamay was given the name Juana, after Charles' mother Joanna of Castile


  April 14, 1521
• Las Islas Felipinas


  Philippine Islands/ Islands belonging to Philip, named in honor of King Philip II of Spain
• Las Islas Filipinas


  Or simply Filipinas
• Philippine Islands


  Anglicized form of the original Spanish name
• Communities before lived near bodies of water, houses were lined along the coasts of seas, bays, rivers and lakes for food, transportation, and protection from enemies
• Early Shelters


  • Caves
  • Bahay Kubo (Nipa Hut)
  • Tree Houses
• Tabon Man


  Hominid remains dating back to around 28,550 BC old found in Tabon Cave on the island of Palawan, possible people much earlier than this
• Negritos (Aeta)


  The Philippines were probably first occupied by people who arrived in small migrations from mainland Southeast Asia, the first of these were believed to be Negritos, only survivors of the original hunter gathers that inhabited Southeast Asia
• Arrival of Malay People

  About 2300 years ago Malay people from the Asian mainland or Indonesia arrived in the Philippines and brought a more advanced culture including iron melting, pottery techniques, and the system of sawah's rice
• Livelihood


  • Agriculture (Kaingin method, Wet method)
  • Hunting
  • Boat Making
  • Trading
• Foreign Influences


  • Chinese (gongs, entrepreneurship, arrangement of marriage)
  • Arabs (Islam, calendar, law, literature, art)
  • Japanese (making weapons, metallurgy, jewelry making)
  • India (names for gods and goddesses, bahala na attitude, sarong, putong)
• Attire


  • Male Clothing (Kangan, Bahag, Putong)
  • Female Clothing (Camisa, Patadyong, Tapis)
• Social Class


  • Datus (leaders)
  • Maharlika (free people)
  • Timawa (working class/rowers)
  • Slaves (Aliping namamahay, Aliping sagigilid)
  • Tambalan (healers/doctors)
  • Atubang ng datu (adviser)
  • Darangangan (outstanding soldier)
  • Paratabgaw (barangay teacher)
• Barangay


  The government system, headed by a ruler called Datu or Rajah who implemented laws, maintained peace and order, gave protection, and made laws with the assistance of a group of elders
• Alliances


  Like a community of nations, alliances among barangays were formed for trade, peace and mutual protection, sealed through blood compact (sanduguan)
• Courtship and Marriage


  • Dowry
  • Panghimuyat (gift from groom's parent)
  • Bigay kaya (type of dowry)
  • Himaraw (payment for raising the future bride)
• They compressed their babies' skull for aesthetic reasons
• Gold was literally everywhere during the pre-colonial times, part of our ancestors' everyday attire
• Women enjoyed equal status with men, the only hope they had was a spirit medium or shaman who would directly communicate with the spirits or gods
• It was considered a disgrace for a woman to have many children, there was no such thing as "family planning"
• Celebrating a girl's first menstruation was seen as a crucial period in womanhood, requiring an intricate rite of passage
• Baybayin is believed to be one of the indigenous alphabets in Asia that originated from the Sanskrit of ancient India, not alibata which was invented by Paul Versoza
• Courtship was a long, arduous, and expensive process, requiring the guy to work for the girl's family before marriage
• Pre-colonial Deities


  • Bathala (supreme god)
  • Aman Sinaya (goddess of the sea)
  • Idianale (goddess of labor and good deeds)
  • Dumangan (god of good harvest)
  • Anitun Tabu (goddess of the wind and rain)
  • Mapulon (god of seasons)
  • Lakapati (hermaphrodite goddess of fertility and agriculture)
  • Dumakulem (guardian of the mountains)
  • Dian Masalanta (goddess of lovers, childbirth, and peace)
  • Apolaki (god of the sun, patron of warriors)
  • Libulan (god of the moon, patron god of homosexuality)
  • Sitan (god of the lower world)
  • Aring Sinukuan (sun god of war and death)
  • Apung Malyari (goddess of the moon, ruler of the eight rivers)