CPE100 G1

• Germinal Period

  1. Creation of zygote

  2. Continued cell division

  3. Attachment of zygote to the uterine wall
• Embryonic Period

  1. 24-30 hours after fertilization: sperm and egg chromosomes will unite

  2. 36 hours: the zygote divides into 2 cells

  3. 48 hours: The 2 cells become 4

  4. 72 hours: 4 cells becomes small compact ball of 16-32 cells (Morula)

  5. 96 hours: hollow ball of 64-128 cells: within 4-5 days the inner cell mass (blastocyst) still free in the uterus

  6. 6-7 days: Blastocyst attaches to the wall of uterus

  7. 11-15 days: blastocyst enters the uterine wall and becomes implanted (implantation)
• Embryo's "endoderm"


  Develops the digestive and respiratory systems
• Embryo's "Mesoderm"


  Develops the circulatory, skeletal, muscular, excretory, reproductive system
• Embryo's "Ectoderm"


  Develops the nervous system, sensory receptors, skin parts
• Organogenesis


  The process formed during the first two months of pre-natal development
• Life support systems

  • Placenta
  • Umbilical cord
  • Amnion
• Fetal Period


  1. 3 months- Fetus has become active like moving its mouth, arms and genitals can now be identified as male or female

  2. 4 months- fetus is about 6 inches: growth occurs on lower body parts. Mother can feel arm and leg movement

  3. 5 months- weighs around a pound. Skin structures have formed

  4. 6 months- eyes, eyelids, layers of head are completely formed

  5. 7 months- fetus is around 16 inches long and weighs 3 pounds

  6. 8 to 9 months- fetus will grow longer and gain more weight: around 4 pounds
• Teratology


  The field that studies the causes of congenital (birth) defects
• Teratogen


  Something that causes birth defects
• Hazards of pre-natal development


  • Prescription and nonprescription drugs
  • Psychoactive drugs (nicotine, caffeine, illegal drugs)
  • Environmental Hazards (radiation, pollution, toxic wastes, heat)
  • Maternal factors (Measles, Genital herpes, AIDS)
  • Paternal factors (lead, radiation, chemicals)
• Pregnancy

  1. Sexual Intercourse: Sperm introduced during intercourse

  2. Fertilization: Sperm fertilizes egg, forming a zygote

  3. Zygote Formation: Zygote undergoes cell division

  4. Travel Through Fallopian Tube: Cluster of cells moves down the fallopian tube

  5. Implantation: Blastocyst (cluster) implants into the uterine lining

  6. Pregnancy: Successful implantation initiates pregnancy
• Cephalocaudal trend


  Postnatal growth from conception to 5 months when the head grows more than the body
• Proximodistal trend


  Prenatal growth from 5 months to birth when the fetus grows from the inside of the body outwards
• Newborn babies typically drop 5 to 10 percent of their body weight within a couple of weeks of birth
• Breastfed babies are typically heavier than bottle-fed babies through the first six months, but after six months breastfed babies usually weigh less than bottle-fed babies
• An infant's length increases by about 30 percent in the first five months. A baby's weight usually triples during the first year but slows down in the second year of life
• Myelination


  The process by which the axons are covered and insulated by layers of fat cells, begins prenatally and continues after birth
• At birth, the newborn's brain is about 25 percent of its adult weight. By the second birthday, the brain is about 70% of its adult weight
• Motor Development

  1. Reflexes

  2. Gross motor skills

  3. Fine motor skills
• Sucking Reflex


  Initiated when something touches the roof of an infant's mouth
• Rooting Reflex


  Evident when an infant's cheek is stroked, the baby responds by turning their head in the direction of the touch and opening their mouth for feeding
• Gripping Reflex


  Babies will grasp anything that is placed in their palm
• The brain eliminates connections that are seldom or never use
• Reflexes


  Basic automatic responses that serve as survival mechanisms before the infant has the opportunity to learn
• It is always a source of excitement for parents to witness dramatic changes in the infant's first year of life
• Dramatic motor development is shown in babies unable to lift their heads to grab things off the cabinet, chase the ball, and walk away from their parents
• Fine motor skills


  Skills that involve precise eye-hand coordination, such as reaching and grasping
• Infants and toddlers are born ready to learn. They learn through listening to language, trying out sounds, tasting foods, and exploring their environments in countless ways every time
• Cognitive development in infancy


  The development of the way a baby thinks, including language, communication, and exploration skills
• Cognitive development examples


  • 21-day-old Laurent discovers thumb sucking but lacks hand-mouth coordination
  • During the third month, thumb sucking becomes less important to Laurent due to new visual and auditory interest
  • Despite lacking visual feedback, Lucienne uses tactile cues to refine her foot movements and control a doll
  • 11-month-old Jacqueline skillfully demonstrates object manipulation and coordination
  • 1-year-old Jacqueline explores a new box through manipulation and observation, demonstrating curiosity and early problem-solving skills
  • 1 year and 8 months Jacqueline uses trial and error to solve a door-opening challenge, adapting her strategy based on new information and demonstrating growing problem solving skills
• Sensorimotor stage


  The period of development from birth through age two, where children utilize skills and abilities they were born with to learn more about the environment
• Sub-stages of the sensorimotor stage

  • Primary circular reactions
  • Secondary circular reactions
  • Coordination of secondary circular reactions
  • Tertiary circular reactions
  • Invention of new means through mental combinations
  • Representation
• Primary circular reactions


  Repetitive actions oriented toward the infant's own body
• Secondary circular reactions


  Repetitive actions aimed toward the environment including others
• Tertiary circular reactions


  Repetitive actions that involve recreating events which 4-10 month old babies observe outside of their own bodies
• Coordination of secondary circular reactions


  Infants' behavior becomes goal directed in trying to reach for an object or finding a hidden object, indicating they have achieved object permanence
• Invention of new means through mental combinations


  Seen from approximately 10 to 18 months, is when a baby does things over and over again, just a little differently each time
• Representation

  The final sub-stage where the infant becomes a "scientist" and can mentally represent objects and events
• Object permanence


  The understanding that objects continue to exist even when the objects are not immediately perceptible through senses