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• fatty acids can be saturated or unsaturated
• to number fatty acids, start with carboxylic acid
• the alpha end or beginning is the end with the carboxyl group
• omega or end - carbon furthest from carboxyl group
• Omega 6 fatty acids - double bond is on 6th carbon from omega end
• Omega 3 fatty acids - double bond is on 3rd carbon from omega end
• • Fatty acids are rarely found free floating in the circulating plasma
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  A) triglyceride

  
• Glycerol is a 3 carbon sugar or alcohol with hydrogen on one side and hydroxyl on the other; glucose chopped in half
• triglycerides contain ester bonds between carbons and oxygen
• Triglycerides with unsaturated fatty acids tend to be oils
• Triglycerides with saturated fatty acids tend to be solid at RT “fats or lard”
• Triglycerides unused for fuel are stored in adipose tissue
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  A) phospholipid

  
• Triglycerides are hydrophobic, while phospholipids are amphipathic because of the phosphate group
• phospholipids serve as a cell membrane, border for organelles (E.g. Golgi apparatus), outside of cell nucleus (double phospholipid bilayer)
• Liposome - single layer of phospholipids if inside a cell
• Micelle - single layer of phospholipids in a detergent
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  A) cholesterol

  
• cholesterol is an amphipathic molecule, as hydroxyl group is on one side 
• cholesterol serves as a base chemical for some hormones
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  A) cholesterol ester

  
• cholesterol ester synthesis occurs via dehydration synthesis; converts cholesterol from amphipathic to hydrophobic
• Cholesterol ester is the storage and transport form of cholesterol 
• cholesterol/cholesterol ester can be manufactured by the liver
• cholesterol/cholesterol ester can also be converted to bile acid
• Excess cholesterol can lead to cholesterol crystals in the urine 
• Steroids - hormones that are manufactured from cholesterol by specialized endocrine cells
• embedded in the monolayer of lipoproteins is cholesterol and proteins, called apolipoproteins
• lipoproteins contain a hollow core for transport of lipids
• types of lipoproteins include chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, IDL, HDL
• Chylomicrons - lipoprotein created when absorbing lipids via intestines
• chylomicrons are the largest lipoproteins, but the least dense, sa it has the lowest amount of protein in the shell
• chylomicrons are produced by the small intestine
• of all the lipoproteins, chylomicrons transport the most lipids
• chylomicrons can be seen in postprandial specimens as turbidity (lipemia)
• When cooled, chylomicrons will float to the top and form creamy layer on top of serum
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  A) largest

  B) least

  C) smallest

  D) most

  
• as the percentage of protein in shell goes up, it gets smaller and more dense
• VLDL's are produced by the liver