Notes sa edsa 2

• Background

  • the presidency of Joseph Estrada was marked by allegations of corruption and incompetence
• By 2000, his popularity was declining rapidly due to various scandals and economic mismamagement This created a significant rift within Philippine society, with a growing segment disillusioned with Estrada's leadership
• Erap Design

  • His political troubles started shortly two years later when the llocus Sur Governor Chavit Singson, his long time friend went public Went public with accusations that Estrada and his cronies received millions of pesos from illegal operations of jueteng.
• Role of Society

  • Senate President Aquilino "Nene" Pimentel Jr's resignation after a split decision on opening an envelope linked to Estrada's alleged illicit wealth.
• This dramatic scene was the final trigger that sent Filipinos to EDSA on January 16, 2001. Throughout the first night of the rally, people began to swarm around the historical EDSA Shrine to express their sentiments
• Filipinos, including students and activists, converged at EDSA Shrine demand Estrada's resignation.
• The collapse of impeachment to remove the former President, Joseph Estrada was the start of text brigades. Propagandas about his corruption became dispersed
• Text brigade was the fastest and cheapest way of relaying messages that time. Estrada ordered key government agencies to do something about the alleged text messages. The revolution wouldn’t be successful without mobile technology
• Text messaging had been steadily gaining popularity in the Philippines prior to EDSA Dos, becoming a ubiquitous communication tool across various demographics
• The emergence of text messaging as a primary mode of communication paralleled the rapid expansion of mobile phone usage in the Philippines
• Initially seen as a luxury, mobile phones gradually became more accessible, reaching segments of society beyond the affluent.
• The People Power Revolution of EDSA Dos marked a significant turning point in the relationship between technology and political activism in the Philippines
• Text messaging had been steadily gaining popularity in the Philippines prior to EDSA Dos, becoming a ubiquitous communication tool across various demographics
• Social media, particularly text messaging, played a crucial role during this time
• The Philippines had a high mobile phone penetration rate, and text messaging was a widely used communication tool, especially among the younger population
• This made it an effective means of spreading information quickly and organizing mass actions.
• Text messages were used to coordinate protests, disseminate information about rallies and gatherings, and galvanize public opinion against the Estrada administration.
• Text messaging anonymity aided the dissemination of misinformation and rumors, potentially undermining the legitimacy and consistency of mobilization efforts during EDSA
• The government attempted to disrupt text messaging communications by shutting down cellular networks and deploying signal jammers.
• The limited technological capabilities of text messaging at the time restricted the types of material that could be transmitted, such as multimedia or real-time updates, limiting the efficiency of communication among protester
• Compared to modern social media platforms and messaging applications, text messaging during EDSA Dos was more accessible and widely used by the general public.
• However, current technologies provide additional capabilities such as multimedia content sharing and real-time updates, which can improve the efficiency of political mobilization activities.
• Just as life has a history, science has also its own story.
• Andreas Vesalius


  Comparative Anatomy
• Andreas Vesalius


  1. Started out his career as a defender of "Galenism" at the University of Paris

  2. Began dissecting corpses for himself to show his students fine details of anatomy at the University of Padua

  3. Drew charts for the students to study, and the exquisite quality of the charts made him famous – so famous that the criminal court judge of Padua made sure he had a steady supply of cadavers from the gallows
• As he grew more familiar with the human body, he began to notice that here and there, Galen had made mistakes.
• Differences between Galen and Vesalius


  • The human breastbone is made of three segments; Galen said seven
  • Galen claimed that the humerus (upper arm bone) was the longest bone in the body, save only the femur; Vesalius saw that the tibia and fibula of the shin pushed the humerus to fourth
• Over the centuries, anatomists sometimes had minor quibbles with Galen, but Versalius began to suspect that there was something seriously wrong with his work.
• Andreas Vesalius


  1. Widened his scope, dissecting animals, and reading over Galen more carefully

  2. Realised the source of Galen's mistakes was that Galen had never dissected a human
• Andreas Vesalius

  1. At the age of 25, he launched a full assault on Galen

  2. Lecturing at Padua and Bologna, he rigged up skeletons of humans and of Barbary macaques, and showed the assembled students how wrong Galen had been

  3. Set out to put together a new anatomy book that included his discoveries
• De humani corporis fabrica libri septem


  The Seven Books on the Structure of Human Body
• Nicholas Steno


  Fossils and the Birth of Paleontology
• Nicholas Steno


  1. In 1666, two fisherman caught a giant shark off the coast of Livorno in Italy

  2. The local duke ordered that this curiosity to be sent to Niels Stensen (better known as Steno)

  3. As he dissected the shark, he was struck by how much the shark teeth resembled "tongue stones", triangular pieces of rock that had been known since ancient times
• Steno declared that the tongue stones indeed came from the mouths of once-living sharks.
• Law of Superposition


  Steno's greatest contribution to geology
• John Ray


  The "species" Concept
• John Ray was the first scientist (in the modern sense of the word) to carry out a thorough study of the natural world.
• John Ray's work


  • Developed an early classification system for plants based on physiology and anatomy
  • Established the modern concept of species, noting that organisms of one species do not interbreed with members of another
  • Used species as the basic unit of taxonomy
  • Studied fossils, recognizing them as having formed from once-living organisms
  • Grappled with contradictions between the biblical account of creation and the evidence of change and extinction that he saw in his fossils
• Deeply religious, John Ray rejected any possibility of an old and changing Earth, as did all scholars of his time.
• Thomas Robert Malthus


  The Ecology of Human Populations