module 13 nutr

• Trimesters


  Divided into three stages of about 13 weeks each
• Fetus by week 3


  • CNS is being developed
• The developing fetus is NEVER considered a parasite to the mother
• Low birth weight


  Less than 5.5 lbs
• Recommended weight gain for pregnancy based on pre-pregnancy BMI

  • Underweight (less than 18.6): 28-40 lbs
  • Normal weight (18.5-24.9): 25-35 lbs
  • Overweight (25-29.9): 15-25 lbs
  • Obese (more than 30): 11-20 lbs
• During first trimester, you do not need to increase calories
• Protein requirements during pregnancy

  Increase of 25 g per day
• Predatory fish should be avoided during pregnancy because they contain mercury
• Tissue increased in babies

  • Brown/beige adipose tissue, which provides warmth
• Total fat intake does not change during pregnancy

  Essential fatty acids intake DO change during pregnancy
• Inadequate folate/folic acid during pregnancy results in neural tube defects, spina bifida, and anencephaly
• Iron requirement during pregnancy

  Increase of 27 mg per day
• During the 3rd trimester


  Calcium needs increase as much as 30 mg/day
• Zinc requirements during pregnancy

  Increase by more than 30%, needed for DNA and RNA synthesis
• Inadequate zinc intake during pregnancy can lead to birth defects and poor cognitive development after birth
• Recommended intake for hydration1.5 mL of water per calorie consumed

  • 1-1.5 mL of water per calorie consumed
• Caloric consumption increase for pregnant women in second trimester

  300 calories
• Pica


  Compulsive eating of nonfood substances like paper, hair, paint
• Pica


  Can lead to iron deficiency in mother and smaller head circumference for infant
• What makes labor easier

  Pregnancy hormones
• Why eat smaller meals to prevent heartburn

  To produce less acid
• Edema


  Fluid retention that results in swelling of hands, feet, and ankles
• Pregnancy-induced Hypertension


  May advance to Pre-eclampsia (low calcium status)
• Preeclampsia


  Characterized by high blood pressure, edema, and protein in urine
• Eclampsia


  Convulsions or seizures
• Gestational diabetes in mother

  Infant can have macrosomia (very large birth weight - 9lbs)
• Human placental lactogen


  Encourages insulin resistance
• It is okay to drink 1/2 cup of coffee
• Caffeine recommendation for pregnant women

  Limit caffeine to less than 300 mg per day
• Fetal alcohol syndrome


  Caused by maternal alcohol consumption, leads to facial abnormalities, learning delays, and CNS dysfunction
• Smoking risks


  • Miscarriages
  • Preterm delivery
  • Smaller birth weight
• Infant diet for first 6 months


  Breast milk only
• Breastfeeding duration


  12 months, expand if baby is premature
• Food-borne illnesses


  • Listeria: found in uncooked meals and vegetables, and hotdogs/deli meats
  • Toxoplasma: parasite found in uncooked meat and CAT LITTER
  • E.coli
  • C. perfringens
  • Norovirus
  • C. Jejuni
  • Aureus
  • Salmonella
• Path to fat loss after delivery


  Breast feeding
• Breast-fed babies


  Less likely to experience allergies and intolerances
• When to introduce breastfeeding

  During first 30 minutes of birth
• Colostrum


  Slightly yellowish milk produced after birth, high in protein
• When to introduce solid foods

  After 6 months and it should be consumed WITH breast milk
• Infant growth in first year

  Double birth weight by 4 to 6 months, triple birth weight by 12 months