mod 1

• cell theory

  all living things are made up of cells

  cells are the basic structural and functional unit of an organism

  all cells arise from pre-existing cells
• prokaryotic

  only unicellular, no nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles
• eukaryotic

  unicellular and multicellular, has a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
• respiration

  glucose+oxygen->carbon dioxide+ATP+water
• photosynthesis

  carbon dioxide+water -light>glucose+oxygen
• cell membrane


  controls the entry and the exit of substances to and from the cell
• nucleus


  stores all the genetic information(DNA) and controls all cell activities in the chromosomes
• nucleolus


  contains a large amount of RNA, manufactures/makes proteins
• smooth endoplasmic reticulum


  flattened series of membrane that transports substances through cytoplasm and manufactures lipids, as well as deactivating drugs and alcohol
• rough endoplasmic reticulum


  flattened series of membrane with ribosomes attached to it, transports substances, including protein through the cytoplasm
• ribosomes


  small and round structures made up of RNA and protein, also manufactures proteins
• golgi body


  flat membrane with stacks of 4-10 with vesicles budding off

  process, package and sort products made by the cell into vesicles to move in and out of the cell
• vacuole


  fluid-filled sacs that store salt, sugar, amino acid and water
• lysosome


  small fluid-filled organelles(product of the Golgi Body) that contain digestive enzymes that break down substances
• mitochondria (powerhouse of the cell)


  respiration occurs here, produce energy here for the cell to carry out its functions, contains mitochondrial DNA
• chloroplast


  photosynthesis occurs here, produces energy here for the cell to carry out its functions, contains mitochondrial DNA
• cytoplasm


  made up of 90% water and dissolved salts, the organelles are suspended by cytoplasm by a network of microtubes and filaments called cytoskeleton
• cell wall


  made up of cellulose, it is rigid and provides protection and support to the cell, giving the cell its regular shape
• active transport


  requires input of energy(ATP)
• passive transport


  does not require input of energy(ATP)
• diffusion (particles)


  the passive movement of particles down a concentration gradient, from a high concentration to a low concentration until particles have reached equilibrium
• osmosis (water)


  the passive movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from an area where water is in high concentration to a low concentration until solution are in equilibrium
• hypotonic


  when there is a lower salt concentration than the cells
• hypertonic


  when there is a higher salt concentration than the cells
• isotonic


  when there is the same salt concentration as the cells
• permeability of the cell

  lipid solubility, size, electrical charge
• facilitated diffusion


  a type of passive transport that uses specialised proteins, such as carrier and channel proteins to help molecules pass through the cell membrane
• endocytosis


  a process by which external materials are absorbed by the cell by engulfing it with cell membrane
• exocytosis


  a process for moving larger molecules out of the cell to the cell membrane
• pinocytosis (endocytosis)


  takes in fluid and solute
• phagocytosis (endocytosis)


  takes in larger molecules
• surface area to volume


  larger the width of the cube; the faster the volume increase

  bigger the size of the cell; the less surface area relative to the volume

  bigger the cube; diffusion cannot occur at a fast enough rate

  SA/V where V is the amount of cell membrane and SA is the amount of "stuff" inside a cell
• biomolecules


  carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids
• carbohydrates (CHO)


  a fast source of energy

  made up of monosaccharides
• lipids (CHO)


  long term energy, provide insulation

  made up of glycerol base and 3 fatty acid tails
• proteins (CHON)


  help form muscle development, immune system

  made up of amino acids held together by peptide bonds
• nucleic acids (CHONP)


  DNA and RNA

  made up of a nitrogen-base, a sugar and phosphate, all together called a nucleotide
• metabolism (the rate of this is controlled by enzymes)


  all physical and chemical reactions which occur in an organism
• enzymes


  proteins that a biological catalysts controls the rate of chemical reactions
• anabolic


  combine reaction