Psychology quiz (four major schools of thought)

• psychology: scientific study of how and why humans think and behave the way they do
• two branches of psychology

  1. experimental/research psychology
  2. clinical/therapy psychology
• clinical psychology: apply the knowledge gained from research to treat patients
• schools of thought

  1. psychodynamic theory
  2. behaviourist psychology
  3. humanist psychology
  4. cognitive psychology
• psychodynamic theorists: delve into the human mind (psyche), especially the conscious and unconscious mind, to explain motivations
• psychodynamic theorist

  1. Sigmund Freud
  2. Karen Horney
  3. Carl Jung
• Sigmund Freud: Father of Psychoanalysis, believed that the mind is made up of three parts: the id, the ego, and the superego
• psychoanalytic theory: Freud's theory that all human behaviour is influenced by early childhood and that experiences influence the unconscious mind throughout life
• id: instinctual part of the mind which operates on the pleasure principle
• superego: moral centre of the mind
• ego: rational part of the mind which operates on the reality principle
• label the iceberg (Freud's depiction of the mind)

  A) ego

  B) id

  C) superego

  D) conscious

  E) unconscious

  
• Freudian slip: unintentional speech that reveals unconscious thoughts or feelings
• neo-Freudians: psychologists who modified Freud's psychoanalytic theory to include social and cultural aspects

  examples: Horney and Jung
• Karen Horney: a feminist neo-Freudian who introduced feminine psychology
• Karen Horney followed Freud's basic concepts about mind but disagreed on two things:

  1. did not believe that personality is strongly influenced by sexual conflicts in childhood
  2. Freud's theory did not represent woman's psychology well
• feminine psychology: field with issue unique to women; highlight the gender bias in traditional psychological theories and offer alternate theories to oppose the bias and promote new thinking
• Carl Jung: student of Freud; founded analytical psychology
• analytical psychology: a branch of psychology based on the idea that balancing a person's psyche would allow the person to reach their full potential
• psyche: the soul, spirit, and mind; all thoughts, feelings, personality, and emotions (total personality)
• Carl Jung believed in two parts of the unconscious

  1. personal unconscious
  2. collective unconscious
• personal unconscious: unique to each individual
• collective unconscious: the shared inherited pool of memories from our ancestors
• archetypes: a universal pattern or symbol that tends to reappear over time
• personality: an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
• individualization: process that must take in place in life for us to be whole (according to Jung)
• uniqueness: archetypes + individuality
• psychometrics: an area of study that uses questionnaires and tests to measure personality, ability, and knowledge (e.g, Myer-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI))
• The Myers–Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

  1. introvert/extrovert
  2. sensing/intuition
  3. thinking/feeling
  4. judging/perceiving
• conscious: information that we are aware of
• unconscious: information processing in our mind that we are not aware of; holds our unacceptable thought, feelings, and memories
• free-association: a method used in psychoanalysis where a patient relazes and says whatever comes to mind
• Rapid Eye Movement (REM): five stages; fifth stage is where dreams occur; takes about an hour
• theories of dreams

  1. Sigmund Freud: wish fulfillment
  2. Carl Jung: direct mental expression
• direct mental expression: highway of conscious and unconscious mind to communicate; comes through symbols and metaphors; dreams provide images of the future, which allows the dreamers to anticipate future events
• wish fulfillment: Freud believed that dreams act as desires that individuals could not fulfill in life; it may also serve as a way to express guilt or conquer trauma
• displacement: shift of an emotion from its original focus to another object, person, or situation
• projection: a defence mechanism whereby a person attributes their own threatening impulses into something else
• repression: the act of suppressing unacceptable desires or impulses from conscious and leaving them to operate in the unconscious
• denial: refusal to accept reality of a situation, especially when it is painful