Chapter 16

• Differences between men and women in terms of personality or behavior without regard to the causes of those differences are called

  A. sex differences.

  B. gender differences.

  C. adaptive problems.

  D. gender stereotypes.

  A. sex differences.
• The social interpretation of what it means to be a man or a woman is referred to as

  A. sex.

  B. gender.

  C. social learning theory.

  D. social role theory.

  B. gender.
• Beliefs about the ways men and women differ, in contrast to actual differences, are called

  A. sex differences.

  B. gender differences.

  C. adaptive problems.

  D. gender stereotypes.

  D. gender stereotypes.
• Feminist psychologists like Alice Eagly argue that is impossible to ignore the study of sex differences since

  A. scientific and social change will be impossible without coming to terms with real sex differences between men and women.

  B. science will show that the differences between men and woman have been exaggerated and are minimal.

  C. it is important to understand how gender stereotypes make men and women different from one another.

  D. researchers need to be able to dismiss the role of sex differences in behavior to advance the feminist agenda.

  A. scientific and social change will be impossible without coming to terms with real sex differences between men and women.
• The study of sex differences in psychology became popular in the

  A. 1920s.

  B. 1950s.

  C. 1970s.

  D. 1990s.

  C. 1970s.
• The statistical technique of _____ summarizes findings from many different studies.

  A. factor analysis

  B. meta-analysis

  C. gender analysis

  D. qualitative analysis

  B. meta-analysis
• An effect size of -.82 would be considered _____ between two groups.

  A. small

  B. moderate

  C. large

  D. no difference

  C. large
• The "d" effect size statistic is interpreted as the

  A. average difference in units of standard deviations.

  B. standard deviation of the sample.

  C. mean difference between samples.

  D. difference score between two samples.

  A. average difference in units of standard deviations.
• When we examine average sex differences between men and women, regardless of the size of those differences, it is important to remember that

  A. sex differences may have political implications and must be interpreted very carefully.

  B. the implications of average sex differences do not necessarily apply to any particular individual.

  C. researchers may upset someone by finding any particular sex difference between men and women.

  D. there is generally little overlap between distributions of male and female scores for any particular characteristic.

  B. the implications of average sex differences do not necessarily apply to any particular individual.
• _____ views sex differences as small and inconsequential.

  A. Social roles theory

  B. Socialization theory

  C. The minimalist position

  D. The maximalist position

  C. The minimalist position
• _____ argues that the magnitude of sex differences is comparable to the magnitude of many other effects in psychology and should not be trivialized.

  A. The antifeminist position

  B. The minimalist position

  C. The moderation position

  D. The maximalist position

  D. The maximalist position
• _____ is a facet of extraversion that has been shown to have the largest sex difference between men and women.

  A. Gregariousness

  B. Assertiveness

  C. Activity

  D. Talkativeness

  B. Assertiveness
• People who score high on the tender-mindedness facet of the agreeableness trait in the five factor model of personality tend to

  A. lack intelligence.

  B. be nurturing and empathetic.

  C. have a poor grasp of reality

  D. be psychologically fragile.

  B. be nurturing and empathetic.
• Men commit about _____ percent of all homicides that are committed worldwide.

  A. 60

  B. 70

  C. 80

  D. 90

  D. 90
• Women tend to score slightly higher than men on the _____ facet of the conscientiousness personality trait.

  A. order

  B. self-discipline

  C. responsible

  D. scrupulous

  A. order
• Women tend to score higher than men on the _____ facet of the emotional stability personality trait.

  A. impulsivity

  B. aggressiveness

  C. anxiety

  D. insecurity

  C. anxiety
• Men and women show the least differences on the personality trait of _____ of the five-factor model of personality.

  A. extraversion

  B. emotional stability

  C. agreeableness

  D. openness

  D. openness
• Overall, sex differences in self-esteem have been found to be

  A. small.

  B. moderate.

  C. large.

  D. very large.

  A. small.
• Research on sex differences in men and women in terms of depression

  A. fails to find consistent differences.

  B. finds that women tend to be more depressed than men.

  C. finds that men tend to be more depressed than women.

  D. finds that the depression differences are due to differences on the people-things dimension.

  B. finds that women tend to be more depressed than men.
• Depressed women are more likely to _____ than depressed men.

  A. become socially withdrawn

  B. act aggressively

  C. seek treatment

  D. commit suicide with a firearm

  D. commit suicide with a firearm
• Sex differences in depression between men and women are observed

  A. across the life span.

  B. only in childhood.

  C. mostly in adolescence and adulthood.

  D. mostly in old age.

  C. mostly in adolescence and adulthood.
• Some researchers speculate that _____ explains gender differences between men and women for depression.

  A. hormones

  B. genetic susceptibility

  C. rumination

  D. differences on the trait of trust

  C. rumination
• The greater rate of depression that women suffer as compared to men may be due to

  A. increases in male happiness due an increased number of televised sports on cable television.

  B. increasing body dissatisfaction occurring around the onset of puberty when heterosexual interaction increases.

  C. greater levels of "hostile masculinity" by males around the onset of puberty when heterosexual interaction increases.

  D. differences in brain structure between women and men that physiologically predisposes women to ruminate.

  B. increasing body dissatisfaction occurring around the onset of puberty when heterosexual interaction increases.
• Which is NOT predicted from Bleske and Buss's study of opposite sex friendships?

  A. Men are more likely than women to initiate friendship with someone of the opposite sex because they are sexually attracted to them.

  B. Men are more likely to have female friends that closely match their personality characteristics.

  C. Men are more likely to dissolve friendships with women when they do not result in sex.

  D. Men are more likely to become sexually attracted to their female friends.

  B. Men are more likely to have female friends that closely match their personality characteristics.
• Fraternal twins Jack and Jill have been raised in the same environment. Jill aspires to become a clinical psychologist while Jack intends to be a mechanical engineer. Their career choices most likely are due to sex differences that are expressed by their scores on the _____ dimension of personality.

  A. people-things

  B. openness to experience

  C. Machiavellianism

  D. need for achievement

  A. people-things
• If we think of masculinity-femininity as a single bipolar dimension,

  A. a person can be both masculine and feminine.

  B. a person cannot score high on both masculinity and femininity.

  C. a person must be more masculine or more feminine.

  D. we must assume hormonal origins of these traits.

  B. a person cannot score high on both masculinity and femininity.
• A person who is androgynous scores

  A. low on both masculinity and femininity.

  B. high on both masculinity and femininity.

  C. high on masculinity and low on femininity.

  D. high on femininity and low on masculinity.

  B. high on both masculinity and femininity.
• Two-dimensional measures of gender have been criticized because

  A. it is impossible to establish validity for two dimensions of personality simultaneously.

  B. recent research suggests that masculinity-femininity is a single dimension.

  C. there are so few androgynous people.

  D. there are too many undifferentiated people.

  B. recent research suggests that masculinity-femininity is a single dimension.
• Psychologist Janet Spence now views her measure of sex roles as more of a measure of

  A. instrumentality and expressiveness.

  B. people versus things.

  C. gender stereotypes.

  D. androgyny.

  A. instrumentality and expressiveness.
• _____ refers to the traits involved with getting tasks completed in a direct, independent fashion, being self-sufficient, and working with objects.

  A. Tender-mindedness

  B. Gender schema

  C. Expressiveness

  D. Instrumentality

  D. Instrumentality
• The cognitive orientations that lead people to process information on the basis of sex-linked associations are known as

  A. gender stereotypes.

  B. gender schemata.

  C. sex differences.

  D. masculinity-femininity.

  B. gender schemata.
• Thinking of men as either "dads" or "cads" is an example of

  A. sex differences.

  B. gender differences.

  C. social categories.

  D. social learning theory.

  C. social categories.
• Which of the following is NOT a component of gender stereotypes?

  A. Cognitive

  B. Affective

  C. Behavioral

  D. Perceptual

  D. Perceptual
• Research on gender stereotypes

  A. consistently finds that men are seen as more instrumental.

  B. consistently finds that men are seen as less instrumental.

  C. consistently finds that men and women are seen as equally instrumental.

  D. finds that they differ too much across cultures to make generalizations.

  A. consistently finds that men are seen as more instrumental.
• Research on gender discrimination has found that

  A. discrimination always favors men.

  B. women are quoted higher prices on new automobiles.

  C. women are more likely to be recommended for heart surgery.

  D. women are more likely to get negative book reviews in Contemporary Psychology.

  B. women are quoted higher prices on new automobiles.
• _____ theory describes sex differences in behavior as due to differences in how they are reinforced for different behaviors.

  A. Socialization

  B. Social role

  C. Evolutionary

  D. Hormonal

  A. Socialization
• Social learning theory is a variant of the _____ theory.

  A. socialization

  B. social role

  C. evolutionary

  D. hormonal

  A. socialization
• Steve and Charlene's parents assign them different chores in the family. The parents assume that Steve will continue working on the family farm, so most of his chores are related to the business of agriculture. They assume Charlene will get married and have to maintain a household, so they assign her cooking and cleaning chores. The differential treatment that Steve and Charlene's parents give their children can best be explained by

  A. the social-role theory.

  B. gender stereotypes.

  C. complimentary needs.

  D. sex role discrimination.

  A. the social-role theory.
• Which of the following theories MOST accounts for the origins of sex differences in behavior?

  A. Social role theory

  B. Evolutionary theory

  C. Socialization theory

  D. Social learning theory

  B. Evolutionary theory
• The one sex difference that shows virtually no overlap in the distributions of men and women is in

  A. warmth.

  B. self-esteem.

  C. sexuality.

  D. testosterone levels.

  D. testosterone levels.