NOTIESSS

• Hydrometeorological


  Encompasses natural events that take place in the ocean and atmosphere
• The Philippines is prone to hydrometeorological hazards in addition to geological threats
• Hydrometeorological hazards in the Philippines

  • Typhoons
  • Floods
  • El Niña
  • Thunderstorms
  • Storm surges
  • Flash
  • El Niño
• The Philippines is located in the Northern Hemisphere, above the equator
• The Philippines is located in the east Pacific Ocean
• Tropical Cyclones


  • Significantly influenced by the global wind systems
  • Formed in the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)
• Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)


  The area near the equator where trade winds meet
• Trade Winds


  Opposing winds that account for the swirling motion
• Low Pressure Area (LPA)


  Where the convergence happens, often monitored by meteorologists
• The direction of swirling motion is counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere
• Typhoon or Вадуо


  The technical term used in tropical waters for intense circulating winds originating and heading toward land
• Typhoon


  • Accompanied by winds with more than 118 kilometers per hour
• Typhoon classification by intensity (PAGASA, 2015)

  • Tropical Depression (TD)
  • Tropical Storm (TS)
  • Winds up to 6 kph or 33 nautical miles per hour (knots)
  • Winds speed of 2 to 88 kph or 34 to 47 knots
• Science


  The systematic study through observation and experimentation. It is the building and organizing of knowledge by following the scientific method.
• Branches of Science


  • Formal science
  • Social science
  • Natural science
• Formal science


  • Deals with abstract structures in formal systems, including mathematics and logic
• Social science


  • Deals with human behavior around its social and cultural aspects
• Natural science


  • Studies natural phenomena using empirical evidence. It can be further divided into life science (biology) and physical science (physics, chemistry, astronomy, earth science)
• Pure science


  The aforementioned branches of science
• Applied science


  The application of scientific knowledge for practical use
• Research


  The act of systematically studying to find answers to a scientific problem, undertaken to build science by increasing its stock of knowledge
• Induction


  A reasoning process where a specific observation is used to make a general claim
• Deduction


  A reasoning process where general premises are used to make specific conclusions
• The Scientific Method


  1. Identify the problem

  2. Make observations

  3. State the hypothesis

  4. Test the hypothesis (experiment)

  5. Analyze and interpret resulting data

  6. Draw conclusions
• Experiment


  • A controlled investigation of natural phenomena. All factors should be the same among all the setups, except for the one being tested.
• Experimental/manipulated/independent variable


  The variable being tested and changed
• Constant/controlled variables


  The factors that should be kept the same from setup to setup
• Responding/dependent variable


  The resulting variable that changes because of the independent variable
• Alternative hypothesis


  The hypothesis of interest; it is the guess that there is a significant relationship among the dependent and independent variables
• Null hypothesis


  States that there is no significant relationship among the two variables
• Theory


  A well-supported, testable explanation of natural phenomena
• Scientific law


  A statement that describes or predicts an observed natural phenomenon
• Axiom


  A statement which everyone agrees is true
• Method


  A systematic process of performing a scientific task, such as conducting research
• Pseudoscience


  An approach to gathering knowledge that claims to be scientific, but violates tenets of science
• Paradigm


  A framework of thoughts from which reality is interpreted
• Types of Measurement Errors

  • Systematic errors
  • Negligent errors
  • Random errors
• Systematic errors


  Errors caused by a predictable cause; therefore, the error is consistent
• Negligent errors


  Errors where the operator of the measuring device is at fault
• Random errors


  Fleeting errors that may not be attributed to a singular cause