plant development

• Gametophyte – stage of the life cycle of a plant that is haploid;

  stage that produces gametes via mitosis; these gametes fuse to

  form a zygote that develops into a sporophyte.
• Sporophyte – stage of the life cycle of a plant that is diploid; it is

  the most recognizable structure in most flowering plants; it

  produces haploid spores by meiosis in structures called

  sporangia.
• haplontic life cycle - Life cycle where the haploid stage (gametophyte) is multicellular

  and the only diploid stage is the fertilized egg cell.
• Chara is a multicellular green alga related to higher plants because

  it has both chlorophyll a and b and produce plant starch.
• haplodiplontic life cycle - Life cycle that includes multicellular diploid (sporophyte) and

  haploid (gametophyte) generations.
• A moss has a multicellular haploid (gametophyte) stage that

  produces gametes. These gametes fuse to produce a zygote that

  undergoes mitosis to produce a multicellular sporophyte.
• in the halpodiplontic life cycle, Within a part of the sporophyte called the capsule, cells undergo

  meiosis to produce meiospores.
• diplontic life cycle - Life cycle where the diploid stage (sporophyte)is multicellular

  and the haploid stage (gametophyte) is represented by the

  single-celled gametes.
• The organism is in the diploid stage ( all cells are diploid in

  chromosome number) except for mature, haploid sex cells

  which are called gametes.
• angiosperms - Also known as flowering plants;

  group of plants that produce

  reproductive structures called

  flowers in their sporophyte stages.
• four major whorls of flower

  • sepals
  • petals
  • stamens
  • carpel
• Sepals – the outermost whorls of

  a flower; collectively called the

  calyx
• Petals – whorl inner to the sepals;

  may be brightly colored in some;

  collectively called the corolla.
• Stamen – whorl inner to the petals;

  the male reproductive structure of

  the flower; bears the male sporangia

  (also known as microsporangia)
• Anther – part of the stamen that

  contains the microsporangia that

  develops into pollen grains.
• Filament – part of the stamen that

  serves as the stalk of the anther.
• Pistil or carpels – innermost whorl of

  the flower; the female reproductive

  structure of the flower; bears the

  female sporangia (also known as the

  megasporangia).
• Stigma – part of the pistil where

  the pollen grain derived from the

  microsporangium attaches during

  pollination.
• Style – part of the pistil that

  serves as the stalk of the stigma;

  leads to the ovary.
• Ovary – found at the base of the

  pistil; contains one or more

  ovules; eventually becomes the

  fruit.
• Ovule – contains the female

  sporangia or megasporangia;

  eventually becomes the seed.
• Complete – a flower with

  sepals, petals, stamens and

  carpels.
• Incomplete – a flower that

  lacks one or more of the

  floral whorls.
• Perfect / Bisexual – a flower that

  has both stamens and carpels; a

  bisexual structure.
• Imperfect / Unisexual – a flower

  that has only either the stamens

  (staminate flower) or the carpels

  (carpellate flower); also known

  as a unisexual flower.
• Monoecious plant – a plant

  having perfect flowers or both

  staminate and carpellate

  flowers on the same individual.
• Dioecious plant – a plant having

  only either the staminate or

  carpellate flower.
• Pollination – the placement

  of the pollen grain from the

  anther to the stigma of a

  carpel. May be animal-aided or

  wind-aided.
• Pollen grain – the

  immature male

  gametophyte that develops

  within the anthers of

  stamens; derived from the

  microsporocytes inside the

  microsporangia of

  anthers.
• embryogenesis - Zygote divides mitotically to

  produce the proembryo and

  suspensor, which anchors the

  proembryo and transfers

  nutrients from the parent plant to

  cotyledons. It appears on the

  proembryo (monocots have only

  one cotyledon whereas dicots

  have two) and proembryo

  elongates into an embryo.
• Endosperm – part of the mature seed that is derived from the

  fusion of the sperm nucleus and the two polar nuclei of the

  embryo sac. This becomes a nutritive tissue with triploid cells

  that serves to store food for the developing embryo.
• Zygote – part of the mature seed that forms as a result of the

  fusion of the egg and one of the sperm nuclei.
• Cotyledon – embryonic leaf that forms inside the seed.
• Monocot – a plant with only one cotyledon inside its seed

  (monocotyledonous).
• Dicot – a plant with two cotyledons inside its seed

  (dicotyledonous).
• Seed germination – process that transforms a seed into a seedling
• Imbibition – the first step in seed germination; absorption of

  water.
• Radicle – embryonic root that emerges from the seed.
• Plumule – embryonic shoot that emerges from the seed and

  breaks through the soil surface.
• Micropyle – the opening through the integuments of the

  ovule that surrounds the embryo sac; this is where the

  pollen tube enters in order to reach the embryo sac.