2 IDEOLOGY

• “Theory is when you have ideas. Ideology is when ideas have

  you” Casambre (2017: 63)
• From a social-scientific viewpoint, an ideology is a more or less coherent set of ideas that provides a basis for organized political action, whether this is intended to preserve, modify, or overthrow the existing system of power relationships.
• Ideologies are not however closely sealed systems of thought, rather, they are fluid sets of ideas that overlap with one another at a number of points.
• a.offer an account of (critique of) the existing order, in the form of a “worldview”

  b. advance a model of the desired future, a vision of the good society

  c. explain how political change can and should be brought about (how to get from “a” to “b”)
• Three Ideological Traditions

  1. Liberalism
  2. Conservatism
  3. Socialism
• The Three Ideological Traditions Vision

  A) absolutism

  B) representative

  C) minimalist

  D) interference

  E) limit

  F) economic

  G) absolutism

  H) restoration

  I) autocratic

  J) conserve

  K) capitalism

  L) inequalities

  M) common

  N) classless

  O) property

  P) revolution

  Q) evolution

  R) redistribution

  S) wealth

  T) economic

  
• Strands of Liberalism

  A) classical

  B) individualism

  C) negative

  D) modern

  E) positive

  F) state

  
• Strands of Conservatism

  A) paternalistic

  B) new

  C) neoliberalism

  D) neoconservatism

  
• Strands of Socialism

  A) classical

  B) orthodox

  C) neo

  D) social democracy

  E) new

  
• Third way - Encapsulates the idea of an alternative to both capitalism and socialism. Initially used by fascists, the term is now firmly linked to ‘new’ or modernized social democracy.
• Fascism - An interwar phenomenon; a revolt against the ideas and values that had dominated western political thought.
• Anarchism - Political authority in all its forms, especially in the form of a state is both evil and unnecessary; preference for a stateless society in which free individuals manage their own affairs through voluntary agreement and cooperation.
• Anarcho-capitalism - An anarchist tradition that holds that unregulated market competition can and should be applied to all social arrangements, making the state unnecessary.
• Mutualism - A system of fair and equitable exchange, in which individuals or groups trade goods and services with one another without profiteering or exploitation.
• Anarcho-communism - An anarchist tradition that takes common ownership to be the sole reliable basis for social solidarity, thereby linking statelessness to classlessness.
• feminism - ideology that seeks to enhance the social role of women.
• a.) first-wave feminism -liberal feminism (1840s and 1850s)-

  women’s suffrage movement (right to vote)

  b) socialist feminism- the relationship between the sexes is

  rooted in the social and economic capitalist structure.

  c) second-wave feminism (1960s)- radical and revolutionary

  strand calls for a restructuring of the personal, domestic and

  family life, demands to enhance the social role of women in a

  a patriarchal society where sexual oppression is fundamental

  feature; liberal, socialist, and radical schools of feminist

  thought.
• They (liberal feminists) understood that female subordination is in the form of unequal distribution of rights and opportunities in society.
• socialist feminist - Highlight the links between female subordination and the capitalist mode of production with attention to the economic significance of women being confined to a family or domestic life where they relieve male workers of the burden of domestic labor, educate the next generation of capitalist workers, and act as a reserve army of labor.
• radical feminism - portrays men as the enemy and proclaims that women need to withdraw from male society this is sometimes expressed in the form of political lesbianism.
• ecologism - ecology is the study of the relationship between living organisms and the environment. It draws attention to the network of relationships that sustain all forms of life.
• Ecosocialism - explains environmental destruction in terms of capitalism’s endless desire for profit that breeds surplus.
• Ecoconservatism - links the cause of conservation to the desire to preserve traditional values and established institutions.
• Ecofeminism - locates the origins of ecological crisis in the system of male power that reflects the fact that men are less sensitive to women to natural processes and to the natural world.
• Holism - the belief that the whole is more important than its parts which implies that understanding is gained only by studying relationships among its parts from Eastern religions such as Taoism and Zen Buddhism.
• populism - reflects the belief that the instincts and wishes of the people provide the principal legitimate guide to political action.
• cosmopolitanism - 1990s ideological tradition; the ideological expression of globalization; a belief in a world state.
• fundamentalism - refers to a style of thought in which certain principles are recognized as essential ‘truths’ that have unchallengeable and overriding authority.
• religious fundamentalism - exemplified in Islamic fundamentalism or political Islam, in particular; the goal is to establish an Islamic state based on the principles of shari’a law (e.g., Iran-first Islamic state)