attachment

• What is an attachment in psychology?

  A close emotional bond between two individuals
• How long does it take for attachment to develop in humans?

  A few months
• What behaviors indicate attachment in infants?

  • Proximity: staying close to attachment figures
  • Separation distress: distress when attachment figure leaves
  • Secure-base behavior: regular contact while exploring
• What is reciprocity in caregiver-infant interactions?

  A mutual process where each responds to the other
• How does reciprocity influence a child's development?

  It shapes trust and relationship formation
• What does Tronick's 'still face' experiment demonstrate?

  The importance of reciprocity for child wellbeing
• What is interactional synchrony?

  When behaviors of individuals become synchronized
• At what age did Meltzoff and Moore observe interactional synchrony?

  As young as two weeks old
• What is a limitation of observing infants in studies?

  It's difficult to know their perspective
• What is a strength of controlled observations in infant studies?

  They allow for detailed behavior analysis
• What does Feldman (2012) argue about synchrony and reciprocity?

  They describe behaviors but not their purpose
• Why is research on mother-infant interaction considered socially sensitive?

  It suggests disadvantages from certain practices
• What role do fathers typically fill according to Bowlby (1988)?

  A role resembling that of a mother
• What did Schaffer and Emerson (1964) find about infant attachment?

  Most infants attach to their mother first
• What did Grossman (2002) study about fathers and attachment?

  Fathers' play style linked to attachment quality
• What did Field (1978) find about primary caretaker fathers?

  They engage in behaviors similar to mothers
• What is a key factor in the attachment relationship according to the study?

  The level of responsiveness, not gender
• What is a limitation of research on fathers in attachment?

  Different researchers have varying interests
• What does research suggest about children without fathers?

  They do not develop differently from others
• Why might fathers not become primary attachment figures?

  Due to traditional gender roles and expectations
• What is the asocial stage of attachment?

  Similar behavior towards humans and objects
• What is a limitation of studying the asocial stage?

  Babies have poor coordination and mobility
• What is the indiscriminate attachment stage?

  Preference for people over objects, no anxiety
• What characterizes specific attachment in infants?

  Anxiety towards strangers and one primary figure
• What happens in the multiple attachments stage?

  Infants form attachments with multiple adults
• What are the stages of attachment identified by Schaffer & Emerson?

  1. Asocial stage (birth to weeks)
  2. Indiscriminate attachment (2-7 months)
  3. Specific attachment (around 7 months)
  4. Multiple attachments (around 10/11+ months)
• What was the method used in Schaffer & Emerson's (1964) study?

  Longitudinal study with monthly home visits
• What did Schaffer & Emerson find about separation anxiety?

  50% showed signs by 25-32 weeks
• What is a strength of Schaffer & Emerson's study regarding external validity?

  Conducted in families' natural environments
• What is a strength of the longitudinal design in Schaffer & Emerson's study?

  Better internal validity than cross-sectional designs
• What is the main focus of the study discussed?

  Attachment formation in infants
• Why does the study have good external validity?

  It was conducted in families' own homes
• How does longitudinal design improve internal validity compared to cross-sectional design?

  It avoids confounding variables of individual differences
• What was the sample size of the study?

  60 babies and their carers
• What limitation does the study have regarding its sample?

  All families were from the same district
• What does the lack of population and temporal validity imply about the study's results?

  Results may not generalize to other contexts
• What are the four distinct stages of developmental progress in attachment according to Schaffer?

  1. Pre-attachment stage
  2. Attachment-in-the-making stage
  3. Clear-cut attachment stage
  4. Formation of reciprocal relationships
• What did Lorenz study in relation to attachment?

  Imprinting in geese
• What is imprinting according to Lorenz's research?

  Following the first moving object seen after hatching
• What was the procedure of Lorenz's imprinting experiment?

  Half eggs hatched with mother, half in incubator