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• Literature


  Acquaintance with letters
• Literature


  A body of written works, imaginative works of poetry and prose distinguished by the intentions of the authors and the perceived aesthetic excellence of author's execution
• Dr. Rod Ellis: 'Literature is the verbal expression of human imagination. One of the primary means by which a culture transmits itself.'
• Dr. Isagani R. Cruz: 'Literature is one way to view reality.'
• Dr. Venancio L. Mendiola: 'Literature by classical definition is the best that has been thought of and felt and written about by writers throughout the ages.'
• Dr. Milagros Tanlayco: 'Literature is the record, oral and written, of man's thoughts, man's experiences, man's values in language that is beautiful, presented in a manner that is unforgettable. Literature is the record of life; it is the record of the human soul; it is the record of man.'
• Elements of Literature


  • Subject of Literature
  • Forms of Literature
  • Point of view
• Division of Literature


  • Prose
  • Poetry
• Types of Literature


  • Oral Literature
  • Written literature
• Forms of Literature


  • Fiction
  • Non-fiction
• Nature of literature


  Expression of human feelings, thoughts and ideas whose medium is language, oral and written. Experiences of the authors. It can be medium for human to communicate what they feel, think and experience to the readers.
• Roles of Literature


  • To entertain and give pleasure to the reader
  • To educate and heighten the awareness of the reader
  • Communication
  • Shaping the aesthetic taste
• Literary Standards


  • Universality
  • Artistry
  • Intellectual Value
  • Permanence
  • Style
  • Spiritual Value
  • Suggestiveness
• Function of Literature


  • Entertainment Function
  • Social and Political Function
  • Ideological Function
  • Moral Function
  • Linguistic Function
  • Cultural Function
  • Educational Function
  • Historical Function
• Characters


  The people, animals, things in the plot of a story. They are the ones acting or saying the lines in a literature.
• Two Types of Character (Role)

  • Protagonist (the main character whom we usually sympathize)
  • Antagonist (the figure who opposes the protagonist and creates the conflict)
• Ways on How a Character is Portrayed

  • Flat Characters (they are also known as stock or static characters, have no depth and no change; we only see one side or aspect of them)
  • Round Characters (they are also known as the dynamic characters, have more fully developed personalities)
• Setting


  The time, the geographical location, the general environment, and circumstances that prevail in the narrative.
• Two Types of Setting

  • Integral Setting (the setting is fully described in both time and place)
  • Backdrop Setting (the setting is vague and general, which helps to convey a universal, timeless tale)
• Conflict


  The main problem the protagonist is trying to solve.
• Four Types of Conflict


  • Man versus man
  • Man versus nature
  • Man versus himself
  • Man versus society
• Theme


  The main, central, and underlying idea in a piece of literature. It is usually a broad realization about life. It is woven subtly into the fabric of the story rather than being lectured or preached by the author. The theme is different from moral, as moral is the lesson you take away from reading a story.
• Plot


  A series of interconnected events in which every occurrence has a specific purpose. A plot is all about establishing connections, suggesting causes, and showing relationships that make up a narrative.
• Parts of Plot


  • Introduction/Exposition
  • Rising Action
  • Climax
  • Falling Action
  • Resolution/Denouement
• Freytag's Pyramid


  A structure for plotting that identifies the key parts of a plot: exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution.