Culture

• It is holistic and encompasses the client’s perspectives on health, which are greatly influenced by the client’s culture. Each person is born into a culture influenced by the place of birth and the family of origin.

  Nursing care
• It is a care that is centered on the client’s cultural point of view and integrates the client’s values and beliefs into the plan of care.

  Culturally responsive care
• To deliver such care, the nurse must first develop self-_____ of his or her own culture, attitudes, and beliefs, and examine the biases and assumptions he or she holds about different cultures.

  awareness
• Next, the nurse needs to gain the necessary _____ and _____ to create an environment where trust can be developed with the client.

  knowledge, skills
• It is the “thoughts, communications, actions, customs, beliefs, values, and institutions of racial, ethnic, religious, or social groups”.

  Culture
• It is usually composed of people who have a distinct identity and yet are related to a larger cultural group.

  Subculture
• It used to describe a person who has multiple patterns of identification or crosses several cultures, lifestyles, and sets of values.

  Multicultural
• Examples of it include occupational groups (e.g., nurses), societal groups (e.g., feminists), and ethnic groups (e.g., Cajuns, who are descendants of French Acadians—17th-century settlers in Canadian Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island).

  Subculture
• For example, a man whose father is Cherokee and whose mother is European may honor his Cherokee heritage (things passed down from previous generations) while also being influenced by his mother’s cultural values.

  Multicultural
• It refers to the fact or state of being different.

  Diversity
• Many factors account for _____: sex, age, culture, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, educational attainment, religious affiliation, and so on.

  Diversity
• A term with many definitions, often used interchangeably with the terms ethnicity and culture.

  Race
• A term often interchangeably used with race. It may be viewed as a relationship among individuals who believe that they have distinctive characteristics that make them a group

  Ethnicity
• It is sometimes used interchangeably with ethnicity or citizenship. Generally refers to the sovereign state or country where an individual has membership, which may be through birth, through inheritance (parents), or through naturalization.

  Nationality
• May be considered a system of beliefs, practices, and ethical values about divine or superhuman power worshipped as the creator(s) and ruler(s) of the universe.

  Religion
• The belief in the superiority of one’s own culture and lifestyle.

  Ethnocentrism
• Other viewpoints are not only considered different, but also wrong or of lesser importance.

  Ethnocentrism
• In ethnocentrism, it has a related concept. It is the fear or dislike of people different from one’s self.

  Xenophobia
• A preconceived notion or judgment that is not based on sufficient knowledge; it may be favorable or unfavorable.

  Prejudice
• Refers to assumptions held about racial groups.

  Racism
• Institutional _____ or institutional discrimination is the denial of opportunities and equal rights based on race.

  racism
• Assumptions include the belief that races are biologically discrete and exclusive groups that are inherently unequal and ranked hierarchically.

  Racism
• Refers to the negative treatment of individuals or groups on the basis of their race, ethnicity, gender, or other group membership.

  Discrimination
• It occurs when rights and opportunities are denied for arbitrary or prejudicial reasons.

  Discrimination
• Statements about common cultural patterns. It may not hold true at the individual level, and should serve only as openings for individuals to better understand each other.

  Generalizations
• Refers to making the assumption that an individual reflects all characteristics associated with being a member of a group.

  Streotyping
• For instance, a nurse may assume that a Latino client speaks limited English and comes from a large family.

  Streotyping
• Health _____ are the differences in care experienced by one population compared with another population.

  disparities
• Adults ages __ and over received worse care than adults ages 18 to 44 for 39% of measures.

  65
• Poor people had worse access to care than high income people for __% of measures.

  89
• _____ determinants of health—examples include gender, socioeconomic status, employment status, educational attainment, food security status, availability of housing and transportation, racism, and health system access and quality.

  social
• _____ determinants of health—examples include patterns of overweight and obesity; exercise norms; and use of illicit drugs, tobacco, or alcohol

  behavioral
• _____ determinants of health— examples include lead exposure, asthma triggers, workplace safety factors, unsafe or polluted living conditions.

  Environmental
• _____ and _____ determinants of health— examples include family history of heart disease and inherited conditions such as hemophilia and cystic fibrosis.

  Biological, genetic
• The term transcultural nursing has been promulgated by nurse _____ _____ since the 1950s.

  Madeleine Leininger
• It focuses on providing care within the differences and similarities of the beliefs, values, and patterns of cultures (Leininger & McFarland, 2010). Leininger created the theory of culture care diversity and universality.

  Transcultural Nursing
• It is “the ongoing process in which the health care professional continu- ously strives to achieve the ability and availability to work effectively within the cultural context of the patient (individual, family, community).”

  Cultural competence
• The motivation to “want to” engage in the process of becoming culturally aware, culturally knowledgeable, culturally skillful, and seeking cultural encounters.

  Cultural desire
• Self-examination of one’s own prejudices and biases toward other cultures, and an in-depth exploration of one’s own cultural/ethnic background.

  Cultural awareness
• Obtaining a sound educational foundation concerning the various worldviews of different cultures.

  Cultural Knowledge