chapter 7 (mood disorder & suicide)

• most commonly diagnosed and most severe depression

  major depressive disorder
• base on DSM-5 major depressive episode last for how many weeks?

  3 weeks
• individuals find extreme pleasure in every activity; some patients compare their daily experience of mania with a continuous sexual orgasm

  
  

  they become extraordinarily active (hyperactive), require little sleep, and may develop grandiose plans, believing they can accomplish anything they desire

  
  

  mania, manic episode
• manic episode require a duration of how many weeks?

  1 week
• duration of manic episode typically last for how many months if untreated?

  3-4 months
• a less severe version of manic episode that does not cause marked impairment in social or occupational functioning and need last only 4 days rather than a full week

  hypomanic episode
• individuals who experience either depression or mania are said to suffer from a (they don't experience both depression and mania)

  unipolar mood disorder
• depressive disorders differs in

  frequency and severity
• the two most critical factors in describing mood disorders.

  severity and chronicity
• the most easily recognized mood disorder

  major depressive disorder
• It is characterized by the presence of depression and the absence of manic or hypomanic episodes before or during the disorder

  major depressive disorder
• Defined as depressed mood persisting for at least 2 years, during which the patient cannot be symptom-free for more than 2 months at a time, even if not experiencing all symptoms of a major depressive episode

  persistent depressive disorder
• another term for persistent depressive disorder

  dysthymia
• individuals who suffer from both major depressive episodes and persistent depression with fewer symptoms

  double depression
• characterized by gross deviations in mood

  mood disorder
• loss of energy or inability to engage in pleasurable or have any "fun

  anhedonia
• how many months is the duration of manic episode if untreated?

  3-4 months
• no major depressive episode in preceding two years

  with pure dysthymic syndrome
• presence of major depressive episode over at least two-year period

  with persistent major depressive episode
• indicating double depression

  with intermittent major depressive episodes
• a specifier that may occur during major depressive or manic episodes it include hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that aren't there) and delusions (strongly held but inaccurate beliefs).

  psychotic feature specifier
• a specifier that the presence and severity of accompanying anxiety are significant in mood disorders. In all depressive and bipolar disorders, the presence of anxiety indicates a more severe condition.

  anxious distress specifier
• Predominantly depressive episodes with at least three symptoms of mania meet this specifier

  mixed feature specifier
• characterized by depressive episodes occurring during specific seasons, commonly starting in late fall and ending in spring.

  season affective disorder (SAD)
• may be linked to daily and seasonal fluctuations in ___ production, a hormone secreted by the pineal gland

  melatonin
• Treatment options for SAD include

  bright light exposure and melatonin supplementation
• characterized by unshakeable grief that does not follow the general pattern of improvement over time; instead, individuals continue to experience persistent and intense emotions

  persistent complex bereavement disorder
• like being in an ongoing, heightened state of mourning that keeps you from healing

  complicated grief
• the finality of death and its consequences are acknowledged and the individual adjusts to the loss

  integrated grief
• a depressive attribution that the individual attributes negative events to personal failings (it is all my fault)

  internal
• a depressive attribution style that even after a particular negative event passes, the attribution that "additional bad things will always be my fault" remains

  stable
• attributions extend across a variety of issues

  global
• people with depression make the worst of everything

  negative cognitive styles
• people who are depressed make cognitive errors in thinking negatively about

  -themselves

  -their immediate world

  -and their future

  depressive cognitive triad
• gender difference in the development of emotional disorder are strongly influenced by

  perception of uncontrollability
• considered the first choice in drug treatment for depression

  selective-serotonin reuptake inhibitor
• have somewhat a different mechanism of neurobiological action

  mixed reuptake inhibitors
• first category of antidepressant medications in the 1950s

  monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor
• they block the reuptake of certain neurotransmitters allowing them to pool in the synapse and desensitize or down-regulate the transmission of that neurotransmitter

  tricyclic antidepressants
• what do clinicians do when depression does not respond adequately to drug treatment, often called

  treatment-resistant depression